animal nutrition final exam summer '26 study (all previous test questions combined)!!

Cobalamin is a type of

vitamin

The fat-soluble vitamins are

ADEK

Unlike most other pets, which of the following requires a dietary source of vitamin C?

guinea pigs

Carbohydrates in the diet:

Are broken down into glucose in the intestinal tract

Are stored in liver and muscle as glycogen

Do not provide energy to the animal

A and B

A and B

The nutrients that supply energy to an animal include

protein, carbohydrates, fats

t or f; protein is the most important nutrient for animals.

false

An animal that is consuming much more feed than it requires for maintenance is likely to have a body condition score of

9

Taurine is obtained from consuming

protein

t or f; cats, in general, have higher protein requirements than dogs.

true

Which dietary component is least digestible?

cellulose

Glucose is obtained by consuming

carbohydrates

Calcium is obtained by consuming

minerals

Macronutrients can be used by the body to produce energy. They include all of the following except;

proteins.

vitamins.

carbohydrates.

fats.

vitamins

The nutrient used by the body to build tissues, hormones, and enzymes is

proteins

___________________must be consumed regularly because it cannot be stored in the body if in excess.

protein

Cholesterol is formed in the body from which essential nutrient?

lipids

Which of the following cannot be synthesized in the bodies of dogs or cats?

essential fatty acids

Which hormones help in regulating blood glucose levels?

insulin and glucagon

Excess glucose is stored in the liver and muscle tissue as _________, which can be quickly metabolized when needed or converted to fat for long-term storage.

glycogen

Some types of fiber are fermented by bacteria in the large intestine. These are called

soluble fiber

Vitamins which can accumulate to toxic levels in the body include all except

b vitamin

An animal that stops eating will become deficient in _________ vitamins much sooner than the alternative group.

water soluble

Minerals are classified as macrominerals vs. microminerals based on

the amount required in the diet

All of the potential energy available in a food or diet is known as ______________ energy.

gross

To determine the amount of energy present in pet food

the Atwater factors have to be modified since pet food is less digestible than human food.

The amino acid Taurine is important to consider when reviewing a pets diet because

it is required in the diet for cats but not for dogs.

Dogs and cats do not have the same fat metabolism or tendency to get atherosclerosis as people, so there is no risk associated with feeding them ___________ (animal origin) fats.

saturated

It is important that cats be fed foods with animal proteins since ________ is essential for cats.

arachidonic acid

A condition called pansteatitis ("yellow fat disease") in animals results from

excess dietary fat and deficient antioxidants.

The primary function of ________ is to supply energy.

carbohydrates

____________________can be measured in international units (IU) or retinol equivalents (RE).

vitamin a

Vitamin D is a necessary vitamin in the diet of _______________________ because they cannot use sunlight to convert the provitamin D (7-dehydrocholesterol) found in the skin to the active form.

dogs and cats

Vitamin _________ has antioxidant activity which makes it useful as a preservative in pet foods.

E

Deficiency of _________ results in anemia (microcytic hypochromic), weakness, and poor growth; excess amounts can be toxic and may cause gastrointestinal signs and death.

iron

All of the following are characteristics of vitamins except one. Which is not associated with a vitamin?

they are inorganic molecules

When discussing energy in rations, capitalization is important. Which of the following contains the most energy: a kilocalorie or a Calorie?

they are equivalent

This term describes the number of kilocalories that are contained per unit of food.

energy density

A deficiency of water intake or excess loss of water can lead to _______.

dehydration

The most important nutrient is ________.

water

Nitrogen is obtained by consuming _________.

protein

The "ash" reported in food is reflective of _________.

The mineral content of the food.

Which mineral is restricted in kidney diets?

phosphorus

The most commonly used estimate for the amount of energy available in pet food is _______.

metabolizable energy

The resting energy requirement for a 44 pound dog is _____ kcal/day.

670

The modified Atwater factor for protein is ____.

3.5

When assessing an animal for malnutrition it is best to ________.

use the body condition scoring system

The metabolizable energy of a food is calculated by taking the gross energy of the food minus energy lost in ______.

feces

urine

respiration

all of the above

all of the above

The Gross Energy (GE) of a food is determined by ______.

bomb calorimetry

The modified Atwater factor for fat is ____.

8.5

The energy required for a normal animal in a fasting state in a thermo neutral environment, awake but resting, is the:

basal energy requirement

Current feeding recommendations for feeding critically ill patients are to begin feeding equal to the patient's estimated:

resting energy requirement (RER)

Various factors influence a pet's total daily energy expenditure. Which of the following is affected by gender, reproductive status, and age?

basal metabolic rate

A calorie is a very small unit that is not of practical use in the science of animal nutrition. The commonly used unit of measure is the kilocalorie (kcal). One kcal is equal to how many calories?

1000

Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin?

vitamin c

Rickets is caused by a deficiency of which vitamin?

vitamin d

Most vitamins cannot be synthesized by the body and must be supplied in the food. Well-balanced pet foods are formulated to provide the necessary supplementation. What is the one vitamin that can be synthesized from glucose by dogs and cats?

vitamin c

Which of the following vitamins is a form of Vitamin D?

ergocalciferol

Deficiencies in iron may result in anemia. Which of these minerals may also cause anemia if it is deficient in a dog's or cat's diet?

copper

Which of the following minerals is a micromineral?

zinc

Which of the following is a postpartum complication caused by hypocalcemia?

eclampsia

Which of the following vitamins is/are water soluble?

vitamin b12 and c

Potassium deficiency results in:

neurologic disease

Abnormalities in potassium or magnesium homeostasis may cause all of the following, except:

an increase in myocardial contractility

The difference between the amount of a nutrient consumed and the amount absorbed by the body is described as:

digestibility

Fats are composed of triglycerides, which include:

three fatty acids attached to a glycerol chain

What amino acid does a cat require in its diet to avoid dilated cardiomyopathy?

taurine

A bitch's food caloric needs are highest:

During the fourth week of lactation

A comprehensive nutritional history for patients presenting with acute diarrhea should include:

Ingestion of trash or any unusual foods

The diet fed

The household member responsible for feeding the pet

All of the above

all of the above

A key nutritional component to managing the inflammation seen in FIC is:

adding omega 3 fatty acids to the diet

A paraneoplastic syndrome manifested by weight loss and a decrease in body condition, despite adequate nutritional intake, is known as:

cancer cachexia

A semipermanent feeding tube may be placed in all of the following ways, except:

through the mouth

AAFCO feeding trials are used to evaluate pet foods in all of the following life stages, except:

senior

According to AAFCO rules, a pet food indicating "beef" on the label must have how much beef in the food?

70%

Adverse reaction to food is an abnormal response to which of the following?

ingested food

As a dog or cat transitions from immature to mature, the recommended diet change is for the:

Decrease in fat and increase in fiber

Cats that act hungry and tend to overeat should be:

meal fed twice a day

Clients like to offer treats to their pets. How many treats can safely be given each day?

not more than 10% of diet in treats

Colostrum ingestion terminates _____ post birth.

24 hours

Colostrum is rich in all of the following, except:

Protein

Immunoglobulins

Energy

Hormones

hormones

Consumption of colostrum after being born is important to a neonate's health, because:

Passive acquirement of immunoglobulins strengthens the immune system

Corticosteroids are used for which of the following?

increasing appetite

Current recommendations for feeding critically ill patients are to begin feeding equal to the patient's estimated:

resting energy requirement (RER)

Currently the recommended treatment(s) for cats with FIC include:

Nutritional management

Environmental enrichment

Stress reduction

All of the above

all of the above

Dehydration is frequently encountered in patients suffering from GI disorders. Which of the following factors causes this?

reduced oral water consumption

vomiting

diarrhea

all of the above

all of the above

Enteral feeding tubes of all types should be flushed:

before and after use

Feeding dog food to a cat is _______ advised.

never

Puppies, kittens, and nursing mothers require:

Higher levels of protein in their diet than adult maintenance requirements

Protein malnutrition in patients with hepatic disease manifests clinically as:

weight loss, muscle atrophy, hypoalbuminemia

Pet foods that use food ingredients that have not been exposed to insecticides, pesticides, or medications such as antibiotics or growth promotants, are known as:

organic

Pet food recipes found in books and on the Internet are almost always:

incomplete and imbalanced

Patients with pancreatitis or hyperlipidemia should avoid foods that are:

high in fats

Patients suffering with short-bowel syndrome (SBS) should be fed the following type of diet in the long term:

low fat, highly digestible diets

Nutrients given in excess of the patient's needs ______ in a critically ill patient, as they would in a healthy patient.

will not be used

Nasoesophageal (NE) feeding tubes may be used to provide short-term enteral nutrition to dogs and cats. Which of the following statements regarding NE feeding tubes is false?

can be used in unconscious patients

Most veterinary therapeutic diets fall into this category, which should be prescribed and monitored by animal health professionals:

specific purpose

Methods for increasing water intake in cats include:

Placing ice cubes in water

Adding broth to foods

Providing water fountains

All of the above

all of the above

Kittens are generally fed a growth formula food until they are approximately how old?

10-12 months

Key nutritional factors in the management of skin disorders include:

Proteins, essential fatty acids, copper, and zinc

Key nutritional factors in animals with cancer include?

Soluble carbohydrate, protein, and omega-3 fatty acids

In general, how many days should be allowed for diet changes in dogs and cats?

48-72 hours