y11 psych

dont judge the pictures - some are kinda wacky but it helped me- its whatever free quizlet could give me. use flashcards with term first then definition

Monism

'body with a mind' same entity
views conciousness as result of complex interactions between neurons
refer to claudius Galen

Dualism

'Mind with a body' separate entities.
the concious mind is not composed of matter and separate from the physical body. Supported by the power of hypotism.
refer to Rene Descartes

Phrenology

Science of studying the shape of the skull as an indicator of brain structure and personality.
not supported by scientific evidence.
lost credibiltiy by 1850s
Founded by Franz Gall

Montreal Procedure

open brain surgery experiment that discovered cure for epilepsy. Stimulated parts of brain with electricity and got patients to describe sensations, then destroyed cells that caused epilepsy. Learnt about brain structure and function (like how memory and thoughts stored)
pioneered by Wilder Penfield

Ablation

removal or lesions on certain areas of brain to destroy function, and flourens observed the results. Mostly on pidgeons and rabits. Removed cerebellum and observed loss of balance and perception
Marie-Jean Flourens

PET scan

Used to diagnose CNS disorders
Is highly invasive as they inject radioisotope into bloodstreamto show glucose (function)
Color image

MRI

uses magnetic fields and radiowaves.
Produces high res 2D and 3D images (structure)
Black and white image
cannot be used on ppl with metal impants + noisy/claustrophobic

fMRI

special MRI
measures brain activity through blook oxygen levels.
Colored 3D image
Shows structure activated for specific function
cannot be used on ppl w metal implants + noisy/claustrophobic

EEG

measures electrical activity and brainwaves
is non invasive - uses electrodes and wires on the scalp

• doesnt show location of the brain activity

EMG

measures muscular response/electrical activity response to stimulation of the muscle.
Electrical nodes attatched or inserted through skin into muscle.

EOG

recorc and detect/amplify electrical activity of the eye muscles

Reticular Formation

DETERMINES IMPORTANCE of info then sent to thalamus/cortext

Thalamus

FOCUS's ATTENTION (visual and auditory) and cuts out background noise

hypothalamus

? do we need?

Cerebral Cortex

interprets and makes sense of information

SCN

(in hypothalamus, which is below the thalmus) recieves light signals, then signals to PINEAL GLAND

Pineal Gland

secretes/inhibits melatonin. When SCN signals there's light, it inhibits melatonic production

selective attention

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus - other stimuli filtered out

divided attention

concentrating on more than one task at the same time

encoding

the processing of information into the memory storage the first time.

retrieval

the process of getting information out of memory storage

craik

sleep stages and descrption

DO LATER - get someone elses notes

evolution theory of sleep

To increase chances of survival
Explains when and why different species sleep
claims Sleep allows creatures to hide and conserve energy,
and wake to safely find food.

restoration theory of sleep purpose

To recharge, grow and recover from thephysical and psychological work during the day
Explains why sleep is important
Sleep repairs and replenishes the body and
prepares it for action the next day.

sleep-wake cycle across lifespan

more rem sleep = more brain development.
rem sleep decr with age.
babies must sleep 12-16hrs
adolescents 8-10
elderly only need 5-6 hours sleep

Sleep-wake shift in adolescence

melatoning production shift 2 hrs later - natural late bedtime
early school wake up does not allow full 10hrs.
refer to Mary Carskadon

Partial sleep deprivation + consequenses

Some sleep but not enough for bodys demands:
some consequences:
physical:

• slower reflexes
• headaches
• lower energy
  psychological:
• affective (mood) disturbances (moody, motivation, fatigue)
• behavioral (clumsiness, risktaking, problems performing)
• cognitive (concentration) difficulties (processing, memory)

Total sleep deprivation + consequences

going without sleep for an entire 24 hour period
consequenses:
physical:
incr risk heartburn,
obesity,
aging

• partial sleep dep symptonms
  Psychological:
  anxiety,
  hallucinations,
  psychosis,
  delusion
• partial sleep dep
  CHEK ON CANVAS

Narcolepsy

casues sudden and unexpected sleeping (falls into REM) regardless of amount of sleep had. Experience total loss of bodily control + may have REM hallucinations

Sleep onset insomnia

persistent difficulty falling and/or staying alseep. When do sleep, often not effective.
Causes:
sleep deprivation,
fatigue,
decr energy and concentration
moodiness

• can experience mental health issues

Sleep Apnoea

Periods of cessation of breathing during sleep.
can be due to obstructive sleep apnoea or brain failing to control breathing.

Sleep walking

walking/completing routine activities while sleeping.
may have genetic component/stress or anxiety
Occurs in NREM/deep sleep (stages 3 & 4)

CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy)

-used to treat mental health issues

• breaking or changing unhealthy thinking patterns with more positive coping skills
  Helps treat Sleep Onset Insomnia (stress and anxiety)

Bright Light Therapy

high intensity light to reset SCN and circadium rythym, to help the release of melatonin
Helps treat Sleep Onset Insomnia (+ circadium rythym disorders)

Interventions for Sleep Disorders

Lifestype changes (routine, no blue lights, excersize ect)
Psychological (CBT, Bright light therapy)

psychological disorders

any condition characterised by cognitive and emotional disturbances, abnormal behaviors, impaired fucntioning, or any combination of those.

Schizophrenia

characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganised speech, bizzare behavior

Depression

persistent feelings of worthlessness/sadness. may also experience fatigue, loss of interest in activities

mood/affective disorders. - GO THRU PWP AGAIN CHECK MAJOR HEADINGS

BPD (borderline personality disorder)

extreme instability of moods/relationships
may experience emotional detachment.
more impulsize
tendency to self-harm

Antisocial Personality Disorder

psychological disorder in which one demonstrates a lack of conscience/no shame, insincere charm/calmness, unstable relationships, and seemingly incapable of love.

DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)

Mostly used in USA and Australia. APA produced
specifically psychology - over 300 disorders.
detailed descriptions of giagnostic cateories, + treatment
expensive

IDC-11 (international classification of diseases)

Global use (WHO)
Includes all diseases not just psychology.
cheaper + more accessible

GAD (generalised anxiety disorder) prevalence, characteristicss

4.3% women 2.8% men experience it.
characterised by constant and excessive worrying that interferes with daily life.
May also experience
dificulty participating in daily activiees
restlesness, problems sleeping
irritability

Phobias - prevalence, characteristics

15% of Australians
An irrational fear of a specific object or situation. (eg, agoraphobia - fear open/public spaces).
Experiences disproportionate level of anxiety over phobia.- interferes with daily life

Causes of Anxiety - Biological

genetic (predisposition or inheritance
chemical - levels of neurotransmitters (eg seratonin

Causes of anxiety - Psychological

using conditioning eg modelling behaviors (parenting style, punishment v reward
avoidance behaviors

causes of anxiety - sociocultural

social or cultural factors can lead to an anxiety disorder (eg, experience a trauma)
Parent modelling (eg fear of spiders)
transmission of threat (plane crash on media = fear of flying, see jaws = fear of sharks

adaptive behaviors

behaviors that assist in ability to carry out daily routine/function. eg; flexibility, emotional awareness

maladaptive behaviors

behaviors that interefere with an individuals ability to cope with daily life. Often developed in early childhood, used to reduce anxiety. Eg; self-harm, agressive behavior, substance abuse.