Fiszki: 10H final exam review | Quizlet

Consonance

repetition of consonant sounds within words in phrases or sentences

Parallel structure (parallelism)

when phrases or sentences are expressed following the same pattern

"we shall pay price, bear any burden, meet any hardship." - John F. Kennedy

Anthesis

figure of speech in which an opposition or contrast of ideas is expressed by parallelism of words that are opposites of, or strongly contrasted with, each other.

"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times" - Charles Dickens

Anaphora

Repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginnings of successive clauses.

"We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing-grounds, we shall fight in the fields" - Winston Churchill

Epistophe

Repetition of the same word or groups of words at the end of clauses (opposite of Anaphora)

"It was a creed written into the founding documents that declared the destiny of a nation: Yes We Can.

it was whispered by slaves and abolitionists as they blazed a trail towards freedom through the darkest of nights: Yes We Can."

- Barack Obama

Rhetorical Question

A question posed by the writer that it is not answered because its answer is obvious or simply used to make us think

"For if we lose the ability to perceive our faults, what is the good of living on?" - Marcus Aurelius

Asyndeton

The author purposely leaves out conjunctions (and/or) in the sentence. (Opposite of Polysyndeton)

"I came, I saw, I conquered" - Julius Caeser

Polysyndeton

The writer includes many, deliberate conjunctions (Opposite of Asyndeton)

"Let the white folks have their money and power and segregation and sarcasm and big houses..." - Maya Angelou

Metaphor

comparing two unlike things to create an image and experience for the audience

"The World is a stage"

Imagery

Use of vivid descriptive language to create mental images

"The scent of freshly baked cookies wafted through the house."

juxtaposition

Placing two things, two images close together for contrasting effect

"My only love sprung from my only hate!" - Juliet Capulet

symbolism

Use of symbols to represent ideas or concepts

personification

Attribution of human characteristics to non-human things

irony

expression of meaning using language that signifies the opposite

Diction

Choice of words or pattern of words to convey a particular meaning, conjure up specific imagery

ethos

when the speaker uses their own reputation, experience, and/or expertise to persuade an audience

- LeBron James endorsing Nike

- Iago citing his experience in the army as a reason for being chosen as lieutenant

Pathos

when the speaker uses carefully selected emotions to persuade an audience. (When we talk about pathos, we don't say "pathos" - We say the emotion at play)

- An advertiser using images of starving children to evoke sympathy for a charity

- A political speech aiming to stir up anger or fear in the audience

logos

When the speaker uses reason, logic, and evidence-based examples to persuade an audience

- Presenting statistics to support an argument

- Using logical deductions to make a point in a debate

Connotation

The emotional impact or additional meaning added to the definition of a word;

the set of associations that occur to people when they hear or read the word

Denotations

the dictionary definition or meaning of the word, separate from any associations connected to it

Hyperbole

extreme exaggeration; a literal impossibility

oxymoron

A phrase that contains opposite words

Allusion

reference to a well-known fact that exists independently from the text; usually mythological, religious, historical, or artistic references but also include places, events, literary works, etc.

Simile

"like" or "as" used to make a comparison between two basically unlike subjects

Alliteration

repetition of sounds at the beginning of words that are close together (within phrases or sentences)

Assonance

repetition of vowel sounds within words in phrases or sentences

Onomatopoeia

the use of words that imitate sounds

Rhyme

Repetition of sounds at the end of words

- End Rhyme: rhyming words at the ends of lines

- Internal rhyme: rhyming words appear in the same line

- Rhyme Scheme: regular pattern of end rhyme within a poem or stanza

Rhythm

pattern of accented or unaccented syllables in a poem; see also meter

Lines

individual units of meaning in a poem

Stanza

group of lines in a poem, considered as a unit

Caesura

A break or pause in the middle of a line, sometimes breaking the rhythm or logical flow of a line

Enjambment

breaking a line in the middle of a thought or phrase instead of at a pause. Often isolating unexpected words at the beginning or end of lines and continuing thoughts between lines or stanzas.

Free verse

Poetry not written in a regular rhythmical pattern, or meter

Meter

rhythmical patten of a poem determined by the number and types of stresses, or beats, in each line

Repetition

the use, more than once, of any element of language - a sound, a word, a phrase, a clause, or a sentence

Sonnet

fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pattern (ten syllabus in each line; follows the pattern of unstressed and stressed)

Mood

Also known as atmosphere, the feeling created in the reader by a text or a passage; often suggested by descriptive details

Tone

writer's attitude toward his or her audience and subject

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