Y11 Organic Review

organic chemistry

the study of carbon compounds other than metal carbonates, metal hydrogen carbonates, and oxides of carbon.

isomer

compounds with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula.

types of hydrocarbons

aliphatics, alicyclics, and aromatics

types of aliphatics

alkanes, alkynes, alkenes

main type of aromatic

benzene

alkane

hydrocarbons that only contain CC single bonds. they are saturated.

formula of an alkane

CnH2n+2

alkene

hydrocarbons that contain at least 1 CC double bond. they are unsaturated.

alkenes with 1 double bond are…

monounsaturated

alkenes with many double bonds are…

polyunsaturated

structural isomers

compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of the atoms in bonding.

geometric isomers

compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms in space and a restricted rotation of the double bond. they have cis/trans prefixes at the start.

what type of isomer has a cis/trans prefix?

geometric

if there is a repeat of an element on the SAME side, the type of geometric isomer is…

cis

if there is a repeat of an element on OPPOSITE sides, the type of geometric isomer is…

trans

4 physical properties of alkanes and alkenes

1. as chain length increases, melting and boiling points increase (due to stronger IMF)

2. as chain length increases, density increases (due to stronger IMF)

3. non-polar molecules are insoluble in water. (because water is polar and alkanes/alkenes are non-polar)

4. soluble in organic solvents (organic solvents are non-polar)

3 chemical properties of alkanes and alkenes

1. both undergo combustion. both burn rapidly in air and are very exothermic.

2. in plentiful O2 they will undergo complete combustion, forming CO2 and H2O.

3. in limited O2 they will undergo incomplete combustion, forming CO and H2O.

_______ undergo substitution reactions

alkanes

substitution reactions

alkanes react with halogens in the presence of UV light.

in these reactions a carbon-hydrogen bond is broken and replaced by a carbon-halogen bond.

_______ undergo addition reactions

alkenes

addition reactions

reactions where atoms from one molecule are added to the other alkene to form an alkane, getting rid of the double bond.

benzene

an aromatic functional group characterised by a ring of 6 carbon atoms, bonded by single or double bonds.

formula of benzene

C6H6

4 physical properties of benzene

1. low melting and boiling point due to being a covalent molecule, however higher than expected due to its shape.

2. quite dense due to shape of molecule (low but higher than expected)

3. insoluble in water as benzene is non-polar, whilst water is polar.

4. soluble in organic solvents

4 chemical properties of benzene

1. undergoes combustion. burns rapidly in air and is exothermic.

2. in plentiful oxygen they will undergo complete combustion to produce CO2 and H2O

3. in insufficient O2 they will undergo incomplete combustion to produce CO and H2O

4. benzene is more likely to undergo a SUBSTITUTION reaction to preserve the ring structure.