PLTW PBS EOC

plasma

liquid portion of blood, the largest component, contains water, salt, antibodies, and protein

erythrocytes (RBCs)

45% of blood, contains hemoglobin which gives blood its red color

leukocytes (WBCs)

cells of the immune system, an excess of WBCs can lead to diseases like cancer

platelets

perform clots to repair damage, low platelet levels can be a side effect of medication or pregnancy

How does blood flow through the heart?

Enters through 2 large veins, emptying blood into the right atrium. Blood flows to the right ventricle.

How does blood leave the heart and become oxygenated?

Leaves heart through the pulmonic valve, into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs. Blood leaves the heart through the aortic valve, into the aorta, and to the body.

antigens

a structure on the surface of the cell that allows it to be recognized by the immune system.

What antibodies does A blood clot with?

A, not B.

What antibodies does B blood clot with?

B, not A.

What antibodies does AB blood clot with?

Both.

What antibodies does O blood clot with?

None.

nucleotides

DNA's makeup.

What does cytosine pair with?

Guanine.

What does Thymine pair with?

Adenine.

deoxyribose

Sugar found in DNA.

phosphate

Backbone of DNA, (-) charged.

What is pyrimidine and what does it contain?

1 ring, thymine and cytosine.

What is purine and what does it contain?

2 rings, adenine and guanine.

genome

All of the DNA in one cell of an organism.

organelles

Tiny structures inside of a cell that produce energy, packaging proteins, housing DNA, and more.

eukaryotic cells

Make up animals, plants, fungi, and protists (have organelles).

prokaryotic cells

Don't have any membrane-bound organelles, only include bacteria. Bacteria doesn't have a nucleus, DNA is held in a region called a nucleoid.

chromosomes

Chromosomes are long, thin strings of genetic material made of DNA and proteins.

histones

Proteins that DNA wraps around.

PMR

A process that allows scientists to create millions of copies of DNA.

restriction enzymes

Enzymes that can cut DNA in specific locations called recognition sites.

RFLPs

Fragments of DNA.

gel electrophoresis

Separates DNA by size and electrical charge by moving DNA through a gel that has an electrical current.

What is the charge of DNA?

DNA is negative so it is attracted to positive charges.

algor mortis

The process that matches the temperature of your body to the surroundings after death.

rigor mortis

When muscles contract or stiffen after death.

What happens 2-4 hours after death?

The corneas become milky.

What happens 1-145 hours after death?

Insect activity.

livor mortis

When blood pools where gravity is after death. AKA lividity.

When does decomposition start?

36-48 hours.

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

Left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, and right ventricle.

What is the function of the atria?

They receive blood.

What is the function of the right atrium?

The right atrium receives blood from whole body that lacks oxygen.

What is the function of the left atrium?

The left atrium receives blood from the lungs that is oxygenated.

What is the function of the ventricles?

They push blood out of the heart.

What does the right ventricle do?

The right ventricle sends blood to the lungs to be oxygenated.

What does the left ventricle do?

The left ventricle send blood to the whole body. This blood contains oxygen and other nutrients.

What is the function of the tricuspid valve (TCV)?

Allows blood to flow from RA to RV & not flow back into RA.

What is the function of the pulmonary semilunar valve (PSLV)?

Allows blood to flow from RV into pulmonary artery and not flow back into RV.

What is the function of the mitral (bicuspid) valve?

Allows blood to flow from LA to LV and not flow back into LA.

What is the function of the aortic semilunar valve (ASLV)?

Allows blood to flow from LV into aorta and not flow back into LV.

apex of the heart

The most inferior part of the heart (formed by LV).

septum of the heart

Atrial or interventricular septum (separates chambers).

What is the function of the coronary artery?

Supplies blood to the heart muscle.

What do arteries do?

Carry blood away from the heart.

What do veins do?

They carry blood back to the heart.

What do capillaries do?

They connect arteries and veins.

vena cavas

They carry blood to the right side of the heart.

What is the function of the superior vena cava?

Carries blood to the heart from the upper body.

What is the function of the inferior vena cava?

Carries blood to the heart from the lower body.

What do the pulmonary veins do?

They are the only veins that carry blood with oxygen.

Why are arteries thicker than veins?

They need to withstand greater pressure and they must regulate blood distribution.

What do the pulmonary arteries do?

They are the only arteries that carry blood lacking oxygen.

Why are veins thinner than arteries?

Under low pressure to allow blood to easily drain out of capillaries and they depend on nearby muscles for pressure.

What is the purpose of the valves in veins?

They prevent the backflow of blood.

pulmonary circulation

The process of blood being moved to the lungs to pick up oxygen and back to the heart.

systemic circulation

When oxygen-rich blood is pumped to the body and returned without oxygen to the heart to be refueled.

What is normal HR?

Between 60-100 bpm while resting.

systolic BP

The pressure in arteries when the heart beats.

diastolic BP

The pressure in arteries when the heart rests between beats.

sinoatrial node

It is the pacemaker for the heart, it send out an electrical impulse, and the upper heart chambers contract.

atrioventricular node

Sends an impulse into the ventricles to make them contract.

atrioventricular bundle

A collection of heart muscles specialized for electrical conduction that transmits the electrical impulse from AV node to point of apex via the bundle branches.

purkinje fibers

Networks of fibers that receive conductive signals originating at the AV node. They simultaneously activate the left and right ventricles. They also stimulate ventricular myocardium.

angina

Chest pain or discomfort due to reduced blood flow to the heart.

coronary artery disease

A cardiovascular condition in which atherosclerosis occurs in the arteries that supply the heart.

atherosclerosis

A buildup of plaque in the artery walls. They block blood flow to the heart muscle and increase a patient's risk for heart attack or failure.

What are risk factors for atherosclerosis?

High cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, smoking, high BP, and aging.

myocardial infarction

AKA a heart attack. Occurs when oxygen supply to the heart is reduced, causing part of the heart muscle to suddenly die. Commonly results from atherosclerosis or blood clots.

What are some symptoms of a heart attack?

Immediate chest or arm pain, increased heart rate, sweating, fatigue, and nausea due to decreased oxygen supply and death of heart muscle.

aortic valve stenosis

When the aortic valve narrows, partially obstructing blood flow.

What are the causes of aortic valve stenosis?

Calcification of the aortic valve as one ages, which stiffens the valve and narrows the valve opening. May cause chest pain, dizziness and fainting during exercise and congestive heart failure.

patent oramen ovale (PFO)

An abnormal hole present between the two atria. It is present at birth, and it normally closes as one ages. Present in about 25% of the population. Rare cases can experience ischemic stroke, migraines, and heart attacks.

congestive heart failure

When your heart can't pump enough blood to supply the body. The walls of the ventricles are unable to adequately pump blood out of the ventricles which causes an insufficient blood amount to reach the body.

What are the causes of congestive heart failure?

Structural defects with heart valves, disease of heart muscles (cardiomyopathy), abnormal heart rhythyms (arrhythmias), and heart attacks.

What factors can increase the risk of CHF?

High BP, coronary artery disease, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and structural abnormalities of the heart.

What are the symptoms of CHF?

Fatigue and weakness, shortness of breath, swelling of the lower limbs, decreased alertness, and a reduced ability to exercise.

What is the purpose of the parietal lobe?

It controls sensory info like tense of touch and coordinates with vision.

What is the purpose of the frontal lobe?

Responsible for planning, organization of incoming info, and controls behaviors and emotions.

What is the purpose of the temporal lobe?

It is used for processing language and storing info in long term and memory.

What is the purpose of the occipital lobe?

It receives info from the eyes for sight.

susceptible host

A person at risk for infection.

What are the agents of disease?

They are prions, protists, bacteria, helminthes, fungi, and viruses.

reservoir

Places where the agents of disease can be found.

portal of exit

A point of escape where an agent of disease can leave the reservoir.

mode of transmission

How infectious agents move between a reservoir and a susceptible host (indirect and direct).

portal of entry

The place where an infectious agent or agent of disease enters a susceptible host.

direct contact

When a susceptible host touches an infected individual or is exposed to their bodily fluids.

indirect contact

When susceptible host inhales infected particles, touches infected objects, or is bitten by an infected insect.

What is gram positive?

They have a single layer to their cell's walls. Their cell wall is made of peptidoglycan, and it absorbs crystal violet. Appears purple during a gram stain test. Susceptible to B-lactam antibiotics like penicillin.

What is gram negative?

They have 2 layers to their cell walls. Their inner cell walls are made of peptidoglycan, and their outer layer is made of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Does not absorb crystal violet and appears pink on the gram stain test. It is less susceptible to B-lactam antibiotics.

skin turgor

The elasticity of the skin, used as an indicator of dehydration.

What are the common triggers of allergic reactions?

Nuts or fruits, certain medications, latex, metal or fabric dye, or insect stings.

What are the symptoms of anaphylaxis?

Swelling of the face, tongue, throat, or airways. Hives, flushed skin, nausea, and dizziness.

histamine

Causes dilation of blood vessels, increases heart rate, and increases gland secretion.