neuro test 1

What are the three protectors of the CNS

Skull and spinal cord

CSF

Meninges

What is grey matter made of

Cell bodies which process information

What is white matter made of

Myelinated sheath (sends signals)

Dorsalateral

Dis executive

Orbitofrontal

Pseudopsychopathic

Medial

Abulic/ apathetic

Broadman’s area

Numerical area assignment of the brain there are 47 areas

Homunculus man

Shows how much of the brain is devoted to certain body parts and their functions

Primary sensory strip

Information coming in

Primary motor strip

Information going out

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there

31

What is the frontal lobe responsible for

Motor, language, cognition

What is the frontal lobe responsible for

Motor, language, cognition

What is the parietal lobe responsible for

Somatosensory, attention

What is the occipital lobe responsible for

Vision

What is the temporal lobe responsible for

Auditory, language, prosody, object, face recognition and memory

How many layers of cell bodies are in the cortex and what do they do

6 layers of neuron cell bodies that allow for synaptic connections

central sulcus

Separates frontal and parietal lobes

Sylvian fissure (lateral sulcus)

Separates the temporal from the frontal and parietal lobes

Insula

Cortex deep in sylvian fissure, important for sensory processing, pain, auditory and risk and reward

Cingulate gurus

Major part of the limbic system involved in emotions and memory

Corpus callosum

Massive white matter tract connecting left and right hemispheres

Thalamus

Relays sensory input from the body to the brain

Hypothalamus

Autonomic nervous system, limbic system, involved in body regulation systems

Contralateral

Different sides of the brain control opposite sides of the body

Non-fluent Broca’s aphasia

Slowed verbal expression, reading and writing become difficult

Left hemisphere

Language processing (reading and writing)

Right hemisphere

Emotional prosody comprehension, spatial orientation

Tactile Agnosia

Unable to recognize things

Agnosognosia

Being unaware of deficits

Fluent aphasia

Wernicke’s, left hemisphere temporal into parietal

Left neglect

Failure to respond to people, objects, sounds and things on the left side

Prosopagnosia

Inability to recognize faces

Insula

Deep within lateral fissure, where taste is processed

Thalamus

Sensory relay and connections to brainstem, cerebellum and cortex

Cerebellum

Fine motor control, memorization of motor movements, role in language and cognition

Brainstem

Made up of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

Control face, tongue, jaw, vocal folds, cranial nerves arise from the brainstem

Neural (cellular) neuroplasticity

Repetition of an activity over time leads to patterns of neuron stimulation

Neural (cellular) neuroplasticity

Repetition of an activity over time leads to patterns of neuron stimulation

Long term potentiation

As the neurons fire together they build efficient networks

Behavioral plasticity

Experience dependent, positive impact on cell generation after damage, occurs in good and bad behaviors

Neuroplasticity

The brains ability to change, reorganize, and for, new neural connections

Use it or lose it

Failure to use certain functions can lead to loss

Use it and improve it

Training of certain brain functions can lead to improvement

Specificity’

How you train determines plasticity

Repetition matters

How many times something is done

Intensity matters

How often someone is practicing and the level

Time matters

Timing in recovery, when seen in the brain

Salience matters

How important the thing is to you impacts how you act about it

Age matters

Training makes plasticity improve more easily in younger than older people

Transference

Working on one skill that improves other skills

Interference

Practicing one thing too much can hinder other skills

Experience participation dependent

Dosing, accuracy, environment, intrinsic, individualized, carryover

Ischemic

Dead tissue

Penumbra

dying tissue, we can fix with therapy if blood flow is restored

Functional reorganization

Another area of the brain

“takes over” functions of the

damaged area