BIO 446L Lab 7 Fall 2022

The pelvic girdle attaches the __ __ to the __

lower limbs; skeleton

The pelvic girdle consists of __

the right and left hip bones and the sacrum that connects the hip bones on the posterior side

Each of the hip bones begins as three separate bones: __, __, __. These bones eventually fuse together, but bone markings are still considered to belong to one of these three distinct regions.

Ilium, ischium, pubis

Where does the lower limb attach to the hip bone?

Acetabulum (part of the body of the hip bone)

What is the pelvic brim?

Composed of sacral prominence, arcuate line of ilium, and pectineal line of the pubis

What does pelvic brim NOT contain?

The ischium

Difference in pelvic brim in males and females?

Pelvic brim is larger and wider BUT SHALLOWER in females; more oval

Males have a smaller BUT DEEPER pelvic brim; rounder

What is the pubic arch?

Formed by the convergence of the inferior rami of the ischium and the pubis of either side of the pelvis

Difference between male and female pubic arch?

Pubic arch is more of an acute angle in males, where it is more of an obtuse angle in females

How would you differentiate between a right and left femur? (specifically using the condyles)

Anteriorly, the right femur angles toward the right while left femur angles toward the left

Condyles are on the posterior side

The medial malleolus is on the __, while the lateral malleolus is on the __

tibia, fibula (distal)

Which bones compose the knee joint?

Femur, tibia, fibula (patella supports), patella

Where do the different bones attach to each other?

Head and lateral malleolus

How do the distinct characteristics of the female pelvis make childbirth easier?

The wider (obtuse) angle of the pelvic brim allows for easier passage of the child through the birth canal

Which bone markings are responsible for making the protrusions of the ankles, just above the feet?

Lateral malleolus - comprised of the talus and fibula

Medial malleolus - comprised of the talus and tibia

The femoral nerve supplies the __

muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh

The obturator nerve supplies the __

muscles of the medial (adductor) compartment of the thigh

The sciatic nerve is really two nerves that are bundled into one nerve in the thigh (__ and __ __ nerves)

tibial; common fibular

Tibial nerve supplies the __ (which parts of the thigh/leg/foot)

posterior compartment of the thigh, leg, and plantar surface of the foot

Common fibular nerve supplies the __ (which parts of the thigh/leg/foot)

anterior and lateral compartments of the leg and the dorsal surface of the foot

Gluteus maximus (action/innervation/classification)

Extension of the hip, lateral rotation, abduction of the thigh at the hip

Gluteal nerve (inferior)

Muscle of the hip

Gluteus medius (action/innervation/classification)

Abduction (primary abductor) and extension of the thigh at the hip; stabilization of the hip; anterior fibers --> medial (internal) rotation of the thigh at the hip; posterior fibers --> lateral (external) rotation of the thigh at the hip joint

Gluteal nerve (superior)

Muscle of the hip

Gluteus minimus (action/innervation/classification)

Abduction; stabilization of the hip joint; anterior fibers --> medial (internal) rotation of the thigh tat the hip joint; posterior fibers --> lateral (external) rotation of the thigh at the hip joint

Gluteal nerve (inferior)

Muscle of the hip

Which muscles make up the muscles of the hip?

Gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus

Sartorius (action/innervation/classification)

Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotate the thigh; flexes and medially rotates the leg at the knee

Femoral nerve

Muscle of anterior thigh

Rectus femoris (action/innervation/classification)

Extension of the leg at the knee joint, flexion of the hip

Femoral nerve

Muscle of anterior thigh

Vastus medialis (action/innervation/classification)

Extension of the leg at the knee joint

Femoral nerve

Muscle of anterior thigh

Vastus intermedius (action/innervation/classification)

Extension of the leg at the knee joint

Femoral nerve

Muscle of anterior thigh

Vastus lateralis (action/innervation/classification)

Extension of the leg at the knee joint

Femoral nerve

Muscle of anterior thigh

Which muscles make up the quadriceps?

Rectus femoris (which can also do flexion of the hip which the other three muscles do not), vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius

Which muscles make up the muscles of the anterior thigh?

Rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, sartorius

Biceps femoris-long head (action/innervation/classification)

Flexion and lateral rotation of lower leg at the knee joint; extension of the thigh at the hip joint

Tibial nerve

Muscle of posterior thigh

Biceps femoris-short head** (action/innervation/classification)

Flexion and lateral rotation of the lower leg at the knee joint

Fibular nerve

Muscle of posterior thigh

NOT PART OF THE HAMSTRINGS

Semimembranosus (action/innervation/classification)

Flexes the leg at the knee joint; rotates the leg medially

Tibial nerve

Muscle of posterior thigh

Semitendinosus (action/innervation/classification)

Flexes the leg at the knee joint; rotates the leg medially

Tibial nerve

Muscle of posterior thigh

Which muscles make up the hamstrings? What are they innervated by?

Semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris-long head

Tibial nerve

List the muscles of the posterior thigh

Semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris-long head, biceps femoris-short head

Gracilis (action/innervation/classification)

Adduction/flexion of the thigh at the hip, flexion and medial rotation at the knee

Obturator nerve

Muscle of medial thigh

Adductor longus (action/innervation/classification)

Adducts the thigh POWERFULLY; rotates the thigh medially

Obturator and branch from sciatic nerve

Muscle of medial thigh

Adductor magnus (action/innervation/classification)

Adduction and extension of the thigh at the hip

Obturator and branch from sciatic nerve

Muscle of medial thigh

Adductor brevis (action/innervation/classification)

Adduction and flexion of thigh at the hip

Obturator and branch from sciatic nerve

Muscle of medial thigh

Pectineus

Adducts the thigh; flexes thigh; externally rotates thigh

Femoral nerve and occasionally the obturator nerve

Muscle of medial thigh

List the muscles of the medial thigh

Adductor magnus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, gracilis, pectineus

If the tibial part of the sciatic nerve was cut in the upper part of the thigh, could you get any flexion at the knee?

Yes - gracilis (part of medial compartment of the thigh) does flexion and is innervated by the obturator nerve

The hip joint is a __ joint with a large range of motion

ball in socket

The __ of the __ is held into the hip bone with several very strong ligaments

head; femur

The iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral ligaments are ligaments of the __ and connect the __ to the __, and support and stabilize the hip joint. When the leg is extended, these ligaments __ __ around the capsule, when the leg is flexed, the ligaments __.

hip; pelvis; femur; wind tighter; unwind

Iliofemoral ligament

Y-shaped, strong band that serves to strengthen the joint capsule

Keeps the hip joint from hyperextending while standing

Pubofemoral ligament

Strengthens the joint and prevents over-abduction

Ischiofemoral ligament

Becomes taut during abduction and looser during adduction

The knee joint is mainly a __ joint but has a small amount of __ rotation as it goes into full __ and locks into position. It then must move into __ rotation to unlock the knee and move into __.

hinge; medial; extension; lateral; flexion

Function of anterior cruciate ligament?

Prevent anterior sliding of the tibia; prevent posterior sliding of the femur

Function of posterior cruciate ligament?

Prevent posterior sliding of the tibia; prevent anterior sliding of the femur

When does the unhappy triad occur?

When the knee is extended and locked and then receives a blow on the lateral surface

The unhappy triad is a tear in the __, __, and __

ACL, medial meniscus, and MCL (medial collateral ligament)