QUIZ - ANTHROPOLGY

REMEMBER

What is anthropology? What is its view about the concept of “self”?

Anthropology

is the study of people, past and present. It focuses on understanding the human condition in its cultural aspect. In a general sense, anthropology is concerned with understanding how humans evolved and how they differ from one another.

REMEMBER

Anthropology is a very dynamic field, and anthropological literature offers several different definitions of “self.” This discussion, however, will tackle the widely acceptable definitions of “self” in modern anthropology.

A unit but unitary One definition of “self”

in modern anthropology characterizes the term in its most general, ordinary, and everyday use.

Anthropologist and professor, Katherine Ewing (1990)

he described the self as encompassing the “physical organism, possessing psychological functioning and social attributes.” This definition portrays the “self” as implicitly and explicitly existing in the mind comprised of psychological, biological, and cultural processes.

Neuroscientist Joseph LeDoux (2002)

conceptualized the implicit and explicit aspects of the self (Kemp, 2012).

Explicit

the aspect of the self that you are consciously aware of self.

Implicit

one that is not immediately available to the consciousness.

Sigmund Freud’s “**level of consciousness**;”

Explicit and Implicit concepts can be traced to the famous psychologist

however, LaDoux’s

view on how the “self” was developed asserted that it is framed, maintained, and affected biologically, mentally, and socially.

the self is not static;

According to LeDoux (2002), \__________, it is added to and subtracted from by genetic maturation, learning, forgetting, stress, ageing, and disease.” This is true of both the implicit and explicit aspects of the self.

Self as representation

.

“self” is illusory

Ewing (1989) asserted that a \_____.

“People construct a series of self representations

that are based on selected cultural concepts of person and selected ‘chains’ of personal memories.

Each self-concept

is experienced as whole and continuous, with its own history and memories that emerge in a specific context to be replaced by another self-representation when the context changes.

By self representation

representation, Ewing meant culturally shaped “self” concepts that one applies to oneself (Quinn, 2014);

“it is the mental entities that are supposed to represent the self” (Schlichtet, 2009).

According to Ewing (1990)

people from all cultures have been observed to be able to rapidly project different self-representation , depending on the context of the situation. The person is unaware of these shifts; however, he/she will still experience wholeness and continuity despite these shifts.

culture

How individuals see themselves, how they relate to other people, and how they relate to the environment are deeply defined by \______.

self

If one finds the view that the “\______” is a product of society, then it is plausible that the ways of how the self is developed are bound to cultural differences as well.

Cultural anthropologists have argued that the

self is culturally shaped and infinitely variable.

‘‘Cultural traditions and social practices

regulate, express, and transform the human psyche, resulting less in psychic unity for humankind than in ethnic divergences in mind, self, and emotion’’ (Shweder, 1991, p. 72).

The basic idea is that the principles of how the

mind works cannot be conceived of as universal, but that it is as varied as the culture and traditions that people practice all over the world.

Cultural psychologists distinguished two ways of how the self is constructed

independent and interdependent constructs.

These self-construals

are also imbedded in culture

Construal

\_______ is an interpretation of the meaning of something; hence, in this sense, the meaning of “self.”

The independent construct

is characteristic of individualistic culture, such as in North America and Europe. Individualistic culture~ represents the self as separate, distinct, with emphasis on internal attributes or traits, skills, and values.

The interdependent construct

is typical of the collectivist culture in East Asia stressing the essential connection between the individual to other people.

Developmental psychologist Catherine Raeff (2010)

believed that culture can influence how you view: relationships, personality traits, achievement, and expressing emotions.

Relationships

culture influences how you enter into and maintain relationships. For example, relationships may be seen as voluntary or as duty

Personality traits

culture influences whether (and how) you value traits, like humility, self-esteem, politeness, assertiveness, and so on, as well as how you perceive hardship or how you feel about relying on others

Achievement

culture influences how you define success and whether you value certain types of individual and group achievements.

Expressing emotions

culture influences what will affect you emotionally, as well as how you express yourself, such as showing your feelings in public or keeping it private.

Anthropos / Logos or logy

\______means “human”, \______refers to the “study of.”

Anthropology is the study of humanity

it is study of everything and anything that makes us human.

The focus of Anthropology

is to understand the man in the physical, cultural and existential features.

Culture

according to Edward Taylor define it as, the system of human behavior and thought.

Cultures includes

Religion, Language, Manners, Way of Dressing/ Clothing, Celebrations, Food, Working Schedules, Medical cure, Jokes, Folk Art Different Cultural

Perspectives that influenced the SELF:

.

Material Component

pertains to all tangible materials that are inherited from the previous generation. Things that used before that are still being used in the present. Examples: Barong tagalog, walis tingting, bahay kubo, jeepney.

Cognitive Component

are divided into ideas, knowledge and belief, values and accounts. Examples: Pagmamano, Pagsasabi ng po at opo, pagiging relihiyoso, superstitions, penitensya, pangangaroling

Normative Component

Social Norms, Flokways, and Mores.

Social Norms

are the accepted standard of behavior or social groups

Folkways

general rules of customary and habitual ways, patterns of expected behavior in society Examples: Girls are expected to act feminine and modest at all times. Boys are expected to be gentleman / maginoo and observe chivalry in courtships.

Mores

refers to the special folkways that are generally emphasized because they are necessary for the welfare of the society, there is a law enforcing it.Examples: Wearing of masks during the pandemic, social distancing

Cultural change

no society that is in a constant state. Everything is changing. Cultural lag and Cultural Borrowing.

Cultural Lag

one must take into account both social need and cultural goal. Examples: Using of carabaos in the fields are being replaced by tractors. Laborers are being replaced by machineries. Online Learning replaced face to face classes.

Cultural Borrowing

is a situation where one society borrows culture from another society and uses it as a new part of its culture. Examples: Hair dye adopted from other countries like Korean and western countries. Wearing of beach outfits (bikini, two piece) from Western culture. Using chopsticks from Chinese, Japanese and Korean culture.

Culture shock

refers to feelings of uncertainty, confusion, or anxiety that people may experience when moving to a new country or experiencing a new culture or surroundings. This cultural adjustment is normal and is the result of being in an unfamiliar environment.