Chapter 2- The Chemistry of Life

molecules that make up living organisms

Biochemistry is the study of __

Hydrogen

Which of the following is an element?

neutron

The uncharged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom is a(n)

Neutrons

Isotopes differ from one another by containing different numbers of which subatomic particle?

ion

An atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons is called a(n)

Biochemistry

Which term means the study of the molecules and chemical reactions that occur in living cells?

molecule

A structure that is composed of two or more atoms that are held together by chemical bonds is called a(n)

element 

A pure chemical substance that consists of one type of atom is called a(n)

compound

Which term can apply to a molecule composed of two or more different elements?

In the nucleus of an atom

Where is a neutron located?

• It is measured in atomic mass units.

• It is equal to the sum of the atomic weights.

• It is useful for calculating concentrations.

Which of the following statements about the molecular weight of a molecule are true?

They have different numbers of neutrons.

Deuterium and tritium are isotopes of hydrogen. What is different about them?

atoms

Chemical bonds hold ______ together.

ion

When a sodium atom loses an electron, it becomes a sodium ____

mixtures

Substances that are physically blended but not chemically bound are called

may be identical or different

Atoms that make up molecules _____

Hydrophobic

What term can be used to describe any molecule that is non-polar and does not dissolve in water?

• Molecule

• Compound

Which of the terms below can be applied to glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)? More than one answer may be correct.

solvent

Saltwater is a solution of NaCl dissolved in water. In this example, NaCl is the solute and water is the

molecular

Adding together the atomic weights of all atoms in a molecule gives a value known as its ______weight.

gas, solid, or liquid

In a solution, the solute can be a ______.

Chemical bond

Which term refers to an attractive force caused by the sharing or transfer of electrons?

proton donor

Which of the following best defines an acid?

mixture

Salt on a watermelon is an example of a ______.

moles/ liter

Which of the following would give you the molarity of a solution?

do work

Energy is the capacity to ______

water

Hydrophobic means that a substance is insoluble in____

solvent 

In a solution, the more abundant substance that dissolves another substance is known as what?

reaction

In general, a process that involves the formation or breakdown of molecules is called a chemical_____

solute

The particles of matter that are dissolved in a solution are known as what?

A molecule is broken down into smaller parts.

Which of the following best describes what occurs in a decomposition reaction?

acid

HCl is a compound that releases hydrogen ions when put into water. Therefore, it is a(n) ______.

increases

In general, reaction rate______ when reactants are more concentrated.

molecular weight

One mole of a chemical is the number of grams equal to its ____

Catabolism and anabolism

What are the two divisions of metabolism?

The capacity to do work

Which of the following is a definition of energy?

Exergonic

Catabolic reactions release energy. Because of this, they can be classified as which of the following?

• formed

• broken

In chemical reactions, chemical bonds are

Anabolic

Metabolic reactions that use energy and build more complex molecules from less complex molecules are considered which type of reaction?

decomposition

A large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones in a(n) _____reaction.

increase

To a certain point, increasing the concentration of reactants in a solution will ______ the rate of the reaction.

functional groups

Carboxyl and phosphate groups are examples of ______

metabolism

The term that refers to the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body is

Monomer

Identify the term used to name one of the identical or similar subunits of a larger molecule.

break

Catabolic and exergonic reactions ______ covalent bonds.

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are all examples of which type of macromolecule?

Build large molecules from small molecules

he term anabolism specifically applies to metabolic reactions that do which of the following?

monosaccharides

The simplest carbohydrates are monomers called

decomposition

A chemical reaction in which a larger molecule is broken down into smaller ones is which type of reaction?

glucose

Which monosaccharide is the monomer that forms glycogen and starch?

Functional groups

Which of the following terms refers to common arrangements of atoms that give organic molecules their unique properties?

two

Disaccharides are composed of how many covalently-bonded simple sugars?

monomer

Glucose is a ______ of starch.

glycogen

Identify the polysaccharide used for energy storage in animals.

carbohydrate

The ______ family of macromolecules are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio and includes sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose.

starch

An energy-storage polysaccharide in plants is called

monosaccharides

Disaccharides can be broken down into____

sugars

Glycolipids are lipid molecules with ______ attached to them.

glucose

Name the monosaccharide (C₆H₁₂O₆), also known as blood sugar.

lipid

A molecule with the chemical formula C₅₇H₁₁₀O₆ is an example of which type of organic molecule?

disaccharide

A carbohydrate composed of two covalently-bonded simple sugars (monosaccharides) is called a(n)

fatty acid

A molecule consisting of a carbon chain, with 4 to 24 carbons, with a methyl group on one end and a carboxyl group on the opposite end is which of the following?

glycogen

A long and branched chain of glucose molecules is

false

T or F: Saturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds.

plants

Starch is stored by____

unsaturated

A fatty acid has a double bond in its carbon chain. It is a(n) ______ fatty acid.

glycolipid

A phospholipid molecule with a carbohydrate covalently bonded to it is called a(n) ______. It can be found in the plasma membranes of cells.

Polyunsaturated

Which type of fatty acid has two or more double bonds within its carbon chain?

• Steroids

• Triglycerides

• Fatty acids

• Phospholipids

Which of the following are primary types of lipids in humans? More than one answer may be correct.

triglyceride

A lipid composed of three fatty acids joined to a glycerol is a(n)

• Methyl

• Carboxyl

Fatty acids contain ______ groups. More than one answer may be correct.

phospholipid

Lecithin is an example of a(n) ______.

saturated

Palmitic acid is an example of a(n) ______ fatty acid.

Proteins

A polymer of amino acids are classified as which of the following?

false

T or F: Unsaturated fatty acids do not have double bonds.

• Radical (R group)

• Amino group

• Carboxyl group

Which three groups are part of the basic structure of every amino acid?

two or more 

How many double covalent bonds are in the carbon chain of a polyunsaturated fatty acid?

Amino acids

Peptide bonds are used to join two of these together.

• Three fatty acids

• Glycerol

Identify the components of a triglyceride below

sequence of amino acids

The primary structure of a protein is a(n)

phospholipid

A lipid that consists of two hydrophobic fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic phosphate head is called a(n)

structural

Keratin and collagen are types of ______ proteins.

Amino acids

Which of the following are the monomeric subunits that make up a protein?

the substance an enzymes acts upon

A substrate is ____

carbon

An amino acid has a central______ atom with an amino group and a carboxyl group attached to it.

Biological catalyst

Which of the following is another term for enzyme?

Peptide bond

Name the type of bond that holds amino acids together in a protein molecule.

Activation energy

Which term refers to the energy needed to get a chemical reaction started?

primary

The structure of a protein that is its amino acid sequence is called _______structure.

Where it binds its substrate

What is the active site of an enzyme?

• They catalyze chemical reactions.

• They make up molecules that can transport oxygen.

• They act as receptors on cells' surfaces.

Choose all the statements that are true of proteins. 

Nucleotides

Which organic molecules are composed of a nitrogenous base, a monosaccharide, and a phosphate group?

substrate

The substance that an enzyme acts upon is called the

Adenosine triphosphate

Which molecule, composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups, functions as an energy-transfer molecule?

enzyme

A protein that functions as a biological catalyst is called a(n)

nucleic 

Nucleotides are the subunits of the macromolecule type called______ acids.

activation

The energy required to initiate or begin a chemical reaction is called its____ energy.

enzyme

An active site is found on a(n)____

ATP

Which is an example of a nucleotide?

ATP

The body's most important energy-transfer molecule is