ANP Chap. 1-3

Biology

The study of life

Anatomy

The study of structure

Physiology

The study of function

Atoms

Smallest units of matter

Molecules

2+ atoms chemically bonded together

Organelles

Tiny units of cells with specialized functions

Cells

Smallest units of life

Tissues

Group of similar cells that perform a specific function

Organs

2+ tissues working together to perform a specific function

Organ Systems

2+ organs working together (usually connected)

Organism

Complete living being

Homeostasis

Ability to maintain internal stability

Negative feedback

Detecting change and activating mechanisms to oppose it

Positive feedback

Detecting change and producing a rapid response

Variable

Detector

Receptor

Sensor

Set Point

Normal level

Integrator

The control center/"brain"

Signal

Do something!!

Effector

Opposes the change

Frontal section

Divides the body into anterior and posterior

Sagittal section

Divides the body into left and right

Transverse section

Divides the body into superior and inferior

Cephalic

Head

Orbital

Eye cavity

Buccal

Cheek

Mental

Chin

Cervical

Neck

Axillary

Armpit

Coxal

Hip

Inguinal

Groin

Antebrachial

Forearm

Crural

Lower leg

Cubital

Elbow

Sacral

Between hip bones

Popliteal

Back of the knee

Calcaneal

Heel

Pleural Cavity

Contains lungs

Mediastinum

Space between lungs

Pericardial cavity

Contains the heart

Abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, liver, etc.

Pelvic cavity

Contains bladder and reproductive organs

Right hypochondriac region

Contains gallbladder & right kidney

Epigastric region

Contains stomach & liver

Left hypochondriac region

Contains spleen and left kidney

Right lumbar region

Contains ascending colon

Umbilical region

Contains transverse colon

Left lumbar region

Contains descending colon

Right inguinal region

Contains appendix & ascending colon

Hypogastric region

Contains urinary bladder and reproductive organs

Left inguinal region

Contains sigmoid colon

Mucous membranes

Connective tissue that separates, supports, and lines body cavities (respiratory)

Serous membranes

Lines body cavities to reduce friction and protect organs (thoracic cavity)

Synovial membranes

Lines inner surfaces of joints to enable smooth movement (knee)

Right upper quadrant

Contains liver, right kidney, and portions of both intestines

Left upper quadrant

Contains the stomach, spleen, left kidney, and portions of both intestines

Right lower quadrant

Contains the appendix, reproductive organs, and portions of both intestines

Left lower quadrant

Includes reproductive organs and portions of both intestines

Atoms (unit 2)

Protons, electrons, and neutrons

Cations

Positively charged ions

Anions

Negatively charged ions

Ions

Charged (unequal # of protons and neutrons)

Valence electrons

On the outer shell (determine chemical bonding properties)

Ionic bonds

Electrons transferred between atoms

Covalent bonds

Electrons shared between atoms (strongest bond)

Hydrogen bonds

Bond between slightly pos. hydrogen and slightly neg. oxygen or hydrogen

- Water chemistry (universal solvant)

- Creating 3D shapes of proteins

- Creating 3D shape of DNA

Organic chemistry

Always contain carbon and hydrogen (ex. carbs, proteins, fats, sugar, lipids)

Inorganic chemistry

In general, don't contain carbon or hydrogen (ex. salt, water, oxygen, metal)

Starch

Energy storage in plants

Cellulose

(Fiber) from cell walls in plants

Glycogen

Short-term energy storage in animals

Hydrophobic

Water fearing (nonpolar)

Hydrophilic

Water loving (polar)

Triglycerides

3 fatty acids + glycerol

Phospholipids

2 fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate

Prostaglandins

Acts as a chemical messenger

Steroids

4 rings of carbon that control important functions

Water likes things that are...

Polar and charged

Function of membrane

Barrier that protects the cell, regulates movement, and facilitates communication

Enzymes

Proteins that facilitate and regulate chemical reactions in living organisms

Polar molecules

-Can be dissolved in water

-Atoms are not shared equally

-Ex. Ionic bonds

Nonpolar molecules

-Cannot be dissolved in water

-Atoms are shared equally

-Ex. Covalent bonds

Carbohydrates

-Mono, di, polysaccharides

-Short-term energy

-Glucose/starches

Lipids

-Triglycerides, phospholipids, prostaglandins

-Long-term energy

-Steroids, cholesterol

Proteins

-Amino acids

-Communication, movement, transportation

-Enzymes

Nucleic acids

-Nucleotides

-Storage, transmission of genetic info

-DNA and RNA

Plasma membrane

"Gatekeeper of the cell" - defines boundaries of cell, controls what goes in/out of the cell, governs interactions

Permeable

Allowing liquids/gas to pass through (ex. water, uncharged molecules)

Impermeable

Not allowing liquids/gas to pass through (ex. large molecules, charged molecules)

Active transport

Energy and ATP required (ex. endocytosis, exocytosis)

Passive transport

No energy or ATP required (ex. filtration, diffusion, osmosis)

Filtration

Allowing small molecules to pass through pressure (ex. blood cells pass through capillaries)

Simple diffusion

Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration (ex. tablet dissolving in water)

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selective membrane (ex. digestive system only allows water and nutrients to pass through)

Facilitated diffusion

Revolving door for molecules that are too big to pass through on their own (ex. water enters the body through tiny pores)