A&P Organization of the Body

exergonic reactions

reactions that release energy

endergonic reactions

reactions that require energy

hypertonic

A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than another solution

hypotonic

a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than another solution

cytosol

jelly-like substance within the cell, provides the fluid medium necessary for biochemical reactions

organelles

membrane-enclosed bodies in the cell, each performing a unique function.

cytoplasm

made up of cytosol plus organelles

endoplasmic reticulum

system of channels that is continuous with the nuclear membrane - provides passages throughout much of the cell that function in transporting, synthesizing, and storing materials

rough ER

contains ribosomes and synthesizes proteins

ribosome

site of protein synthesis

smooth ER

synthesizes lipids

golgi apparatus

responsible for sorting, modifying, and shipping off the products that come from the rough ER, much like a post-office

lysosome

organelle that contains enzymes that break down and digest unneeded cellular components

autophagy

self-eating; the process of a cell digesting its own structures.

autolysis

self destruction; makes the process of cell death controlled

mitochondria

energy transformer of the cell

peroxisome

performs lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification, produces hydrogen peroxide

cytoskeleton

a group of fibrous proteins that provide structural support for cells, critical for cell motility, cell reproduction, and transportation of substances within the cell

nuclear envelope

membrane surrounding the nucleus

nuclear pore

passageway for proteins, RNA, and solutes between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

nucleolus

responsible for manufacturing the RNA necessary for construction of ribosomes

chromatin

threads composed of DNA and associated proteins

DNA replication

the copying of DNA that occurs before cell division can take place

gene

a functional segment of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a protein

gene expression

transforms the information coded in a gene to a final gene product, ultimately dictates the structure and function of a cell by determining which proteins are made

transcription

the synthesis of a strand of mRNA that is complementary to the gene of interest. Happens in the nucleus.

translation

the process of synthesizing a chain of amino acids called a polypeptide; an mRNA strand is translated into a new protein. Happens in the cytoplasm.

respiratory quotient

respiratory exchange ration

metabolism

catabolism

anabolism

respiratory exchange rate

respiratory quotient

PCr Stores

glycolysis

lipid oxidation