pilo

Philo or Philien

love

Sophia

Wisdom

Pythagoras

coined the word Philosophy or Philosophia, which is translated as lover of wisdom

Philosophy is the science

natural light of reason, studies the first causes or the highest principle of all things ; investigation is systematic ; systematized body of knowledge ; not based on mere opinions or hypotheses.

Light of Reason

Investigate through Natural Reason ; Investigating not through instruments, nor supernatural revelation.

First Causes or Highest Principles

which something proceeds in any manner whatsoever ; Principle of Identity, Principle of non-contradiction, Principle of Excluded Middle, and Principle of Sufficient Reason

Principle of Identity

Whatever is, is; and whatever is not is not; everything is what it is. A thing, idea, or person always has a name, concept, and a characteristic for that thing to exist.

Principle of non-contradiction

Everything must either be or not to be at the same time, and at the same time, respect.

Principle of Excluded Middle

Everything must either be or not be; no middle ground is possible.

Principle of Sufficient Reason

Nothing exists without sufficient reason for its being and existence.

Metaphysics

Aims to go beyond the physical and into the very reality of the physical objects around us, their causation, and essences ; Deals with Being and Reality

Meta

after or beyond

Phusika

nature

Metaphysics

"Beyond Physics"

Thales

believed that the principle beyond all existence and reality could be best explained by the analogy of water. Water is the fundamental shape and movement of all things in the universe

Ethics

- Explores the Moral Virtue and evaluates human actions

- study of the nature of moral judgements

- principles of morality, the idea of goodness, and the good life

Ethos

custom or habit

Utilitarian

you believe that if the result is good, then the action is acceptable, even if it's usually wrong. Any means possible for the good end

Aquinas and other Christian thinkers

morally good act requires the goodness of the object, the end, and the circumstances. An evil action cannot be justified by reference to a good intention

- The Divine Command

- Teleological Theory

- Deontological Theory

- Virtue Ethics

- Relativism

Ethics has five main positions:

Epistemology

- Deals with nature, sources, limitations, and validity of knowledge

- How do we know what we claim to know

- How can we find out what we wish to know

- How can we differentiate truth from falsehood?

Inductive Reasoning and Deductive Reasoning

Human knowledge is regarded as having two parts

Inductive Reasoning

- general ideas are formed from the examination of particular facts

- Observations -> Analysis -> Theory

Empiricist/Empiricism

knowledge can be attained only through sense experience.

Deductive Reasoning

general law is found according to which particular facts can be understood or judged.

Rationalists

real knowledge is based on logic, the laws, and the methods that reason develops.

Logic

- Concerning the truth or the validity of our arguments regarding such objects.

- Reasoning is the concern of the logician.

Logike

word, reason, speech, or discourse. It means a treatise on matters pertaining to human thought.

Aesthetics

- Science of the beautiful in its various manifestations, including the sublime, comic, tragic, pathetic, and ugly

- Deals with how we judge appearances, art forms, and beauty

aisthetikos

perception

Three Great Civilizations

Greece, India, China

Indians and Chinese

- predate the oldest of Western Classics

- lived earlier than their Greek counterparts (Quito 1991)

East

more philosophical activity

Quito 1991

Each society or culture can be said to have its own philosophy

1st Attitudinal Imperative:

West: think in a linear manner (beginning and ending in a straight line)

East: Oriental thought runs in a circular manner end conjoins the beginning in a cyclic style (nothing actually begins absolutely or ends absolutely.)

2nd Attitudinal Imperative

- assumption that the East does not make a rigorous distinction between religion and Philosophy

- Philosophy is Religion, and Religion is Philosophy

- Life for Oriental Thinkers is a translation of thought.

- Example: Zen Buddhism and Yoga

3rd Attitudinal Imperative

West: theorize and speculate; no application to life is necessary.

East: acceptance of the validity of intuition and

mysticism, the readiness to revert to extra-logical, if not

logical, modes of thinking.

Linear Thinking vs Cyclic Thinking

Plato: knower separate from the known ; which the knower seeks to understand through reason.

Adi Shankaracharya: key figure in Advaita Vedanta, teaching non-dualism ; knower and the known are one. Reality is cyclical, tied to the eternal cycle of samsara

Rational Inquiry vs Philosophy as Religion

Aristotle: approach is firmly rooted in rational inquiry, relying on logic, observation, and analysis to understand the world (Metaphysics and Physics)

Nagarjuna: central figure in Mahayana Buddhism's knower and known lack independent existence and are interdependent.

Theorizing Without Application vs Intuition and Mysticism

Heraclitus: "everything flows" (panta rei), approach was theoretical (reality is in constant change)

Zhuangzi: living in harmony with the Tao, the unifying reality that connects knower and known ; "butterfly dream,"

Kagandahang-loob, kabutihang loob, and kalooban

terms that show sharing of one's self with others. Interiority manifests itself with freedom.

Loob

- relational

- keeps us in touch with fellow beings

- Philippine values, in fact, are essentially interpersonal.

Filipino Ethics

internal code and sanctions that flow from within itself.

Filipino

- believe in the innate goodness of human beings

- stresses duties over rights (common in indians and c)

- honor the principle of harmony

- looks at himself or herself as a total whole: free and possessed of dignity, and aware of any violation of these two (Mercado 2000)

Filipino time

- mistakenly interpreted as Filipinos' tendency to always showup late for their committed time of arrival.

- misleading since the Filipino farmers are early risers, tending to their fields and wasting no time for work.

siesta time

essential for Filipino culture, which must not be taken negatively.

GULONG NG PALAD

Filipinos believe that life fortune will eventually turn

to them. Life is not always about suffering; there will be times in our lives when we will reach our success and escape this sorrowful time.

TIMBREZA 1996

LIFE MAYBE SORROWFUL, BUT PRECISELY BECAUSE SUFFERING IS ULTIMATELY SALUTARY, THERE IS HOPE BEYOND SUFFERING

Bahala na

- complete trust in Divine Providence

- leave everything to God

- one of the most outstanding Filipino virtues. It is

one aspect perceived as courageous to take risks.

- fatalistic leaving everything to God

Bathala

- not an impersonal entity

- personal being that keeps the balance in the universe

Reciprocating debts of gratitude

between coordinates and subordinates holds

the whole group together - superordinate and subordinate

Bayanihan

another moving spirit of the Filipino people.

Filipino philosophy

should strive for harmony with nature and the absolute.