A&P Cells test

Why is it important that cells vary in size and shape?

Their structure is directly adapted to match their specific job in the body

What are the 3 major parts of a cell?

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm & nucleus

The cell is selectively permeable. What does that mean?

It allows certain molecules & ions to pass through while blocking others.

What part of the membrane makes it flexible?

The phospholipid bilayer

What are the components of the cell membrane?

lipids, proteins, Carbohydrates & cholesterol

Define integral protein

Protein that are permanently attached within the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane

List the cellular adhesion molecules

Selectins, Adhesion receptor protein, integrins

Describe how endoplasmic reticulum looks

Interconnected network of folded membrane

What organelles are associated with neurodegenerative disease when they don’t function properly?

Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, & lysosome

What are vesicles?

Small membrane bound sacs inside cell that transport, store, or digest materials

How are vesicles formed?

Cell membrane bulges outwards/ folds inwards & pinches off

What are lysosomes?

Membrane bound organelles found in animal cells that act as the cells recycling center and digestive system

Define ribosomes.

They build proteins every living cells needs to survive

Define Golgi Apparatus

Organelles that modifies, sorts, & packages protein & lipids for use inside/outside the cell

Define mitochondria

Power house of the cell

What is the function of Cristae on mitochondria?

Increases the surface area of the inner mitochondria/membrane

Define smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Network of membrane bound tubes inside a cell that helps makes lipids, process fats, & clear out toxins

What are the components of the cytoskeleton?

Microfilament, Intermediate filament, microtubules

During cell devision, centrioles will attach to what structure?

Centrosomes

How is DNA stored in the nucleus

Wrapped tightly around proteins to form compact structured called chromatics & chromosomes

What is the function of the nucleus?

Store, protect & manage cell genetic materials to direct all cellular activities

Where do you find the nucleolus?

Inside the nucleus

What can influence the rate of molecular movement?

Concentration gradient, temp, molec. size, surface area, distance, medium density, & membrane permeability

Hypertonic

Water rushes out to outside

Hypotonic

Water rushes into cell

Isotonic

No movement of water

Define diffusion

Process where particles spread out from an area of high concentration to low concentration

What is happening when sugar or salt dissolves into water?

They dissolve to form a clear, uniform liquid solution w/o a chem. reactoin

What is simple diffusion?

Small, non-polar molecules to pass directly

What is facilitated movement?

Required transport proteins to help larger, polar molecules pass

Define osmosis

Movement of water through semipermeable membrane from low to high concentration

What is the relationship to osmotic pressure to the number of solutes in a solution?

Directly proportional

What moves molecules through a membrane via filtration

Hydrostatic pressure

Define phagocytosis

Process where a cell uses its membrane to exit & destroy large solid particles

Define -cyte

Cell

What is receptor mediated endocytosis

A cell uses specific receptors to catch & bring in exact molecules from outside

Define facilitated diffusion

Movement of cells from high to low

What phase in the cell cycle will chromosomes replicate?

Interphase

Place the stages of the cell cycle in order

G1 → S → G2 →P.M.A.T → Cytokinesis

What happens during anaphase

Chromosomes separate & pulled apart by spindle fibers

How many chromosomes do you have at the end of meiosis?

23 chromosomes

What structure serves as the mitotic clock?

Telomeres

What is not controlled when tumors occur?

Cell division & growth

What 2 types of gene are linked to cancer?

Oncogenes & Tumor suppressor genes

What is self-renewal

Process of reviving, refreshing, or regenerating oneself, system or cellular tissue

Define totipotent

Single cell that can divide & grow into complete, independent organisms

Define apoptosis

Programmed cell death

What is the cellular abnormality that causes cystic fibrosis?

Abnormal Cl- channels

What Is affected with adrenoleukodystrophy

Nervous system & Adrenal glands

What occurs during mitosis?

Single cell division to make 2 identical copies

How many daughter cells are there at the end of mitosis

2

What is anabolism

The body uses energy to build larger, complex molecules from smaller, simpler ones

What is happening during catabolic process

The body breaks down large, complex molecules into smaller, simpler units to release energy

What is catabolism?

Larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones, releasing energy

Describe anabolic reaction

Builds complex molecules from simpler ones and requires an input of energy

What is dehydration synthesis?

A chem. reaction where 2 smaller molecules join together to form a polymer by removing water molecules

Define hydrolysis

A chem reaction where water breaks down the bonds of a substance, splitting into smaller parts

What are enzymes?

Enzymes are large molecules made of long chain of amino acids (proteins)

What do enzymes do?

They lower the activation energy needed for a chem reaction to start

How do enzymes attach?

Enzymes have a specially shaped pocket called an active site & they attach to substrates

Define cofactor

It binds to an enzyme to activate it & is essential for biological activity

Examples of Cofactor

Copper, iron, zinc

Define coenzyme

Same thing as cofactor, only diff is that it’s a vitamin

Example of coenzyme

ATP

What is ATP

The energy-carrying molecules found in cells of all living things

Define energy

Capacity to change something, or the ability to do work

What is a polypeptide

An unbranched chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Where do anaerobic reactions take place?

It occurs in the cytoplasm

Where do aerobic reactions take place?

Takes place in both the cytoplasm and mitochondria

Outline the stages of cellular respiration

Glycolysis, Citric Acid cycle, Electron transport chain.

Glycolysis Products?

2 pyruvic acid, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

Citric Acid cycle products

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH

Why is cellular respiration important?

It creates energy/ATP for cellular processes

What are the bases of DNA

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

What are the complementary bases of DNA

A-T, C-G

What is occurring during DNA replication?

Cells make an identical copy of itself

What are the bases for DNA & RNA

Adenine, cytosine & guanine

How does DNA & RNA differs in structure

DNA- double helix, RNA- single strand helix

What bases pair for both

DNA: A-T, C-G

RNA: A-U, C-G

What is mRNA codon initiation codon when coding for protein?

AUG

What occurs during transcription?

A cell turns a copy of DNA into RNA molecule

What occurs during translation?

Ribosomes read instructions from mRNA molecules to build a specific chain of amino acids which form proteins

Where do we find codons?

They’re found in mRNA

Where do we find Anticodons

They’re found in tRNA

How does the synthesis of a polypeptide chain stop?

When ribosome reaches a certain stop codon on the mRNA template

What is the prompter?

The DNA sequence that signals the beginning of a gene

What is the percentage of genome sequence that all humans share?

99.9%

Define mutation

Changes in DNA sequence

What is a mutagen?

Viruses, bacteria, radioactive substances

What part of cellular respiration  includes the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA?

Pyruvate oxidation

What are amino acids building blocks of?

Proteins