CH10

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tumor

mass of cells that grows independently of the rest of the body

neoplasm

means “new growth”

meningiomas

tumors that grow between the meninges

encapsulated tumors

tumors that grow within their own membrane

benign tumors

surgically removable tumors with little risk of further growth in the body

infiltrating tumors

tumors that grow diffusely through surrounding tissue

malignant tumors

tumors that are difficult to remove or destroy completely and any cancerous tissue that remains after surgery continues to grow

gliomas

brain tumors that develop from glial cells, are infiltrating, and rapidly growing

metastatic tumors

tumors that spread from one part of the body to another

save the penumbra

the primary goal of treatment following a stroke

cerebral hemorrhage

bleeding in the brain

cerebral hemorrhage

occurs when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures and blood seeps into the surrounding neural tissue and damages it

aneurysm

a pathological balloonlike dilation that forms in the wall of an artery at a point where the elasticity of the artery wall is defective

cerebral ischemia

disruption of the blood supply to an area of the brain

thrombosis, embolism, arteriosclerosis

three main causes of cerebral ischemia

thrombosis

a plug is formed and blocks blood flow at the site of its formation

embolism

an embolus that has taken a trip

thrombus

composed of a blood clot, fat, oil, an air bubble, tumor cells, or any combination thereof

arteriosclerosis

the walls of blood vessels thicken and the channels narrow due to the buildup of fatty deposits, leading to reduced blood flow

glutamate

plays a major role in ischemia-induced brain damage

contusions

closed-head injuries that involve damage to the cerebral circulatory system

hematoma

localized collection of clotted blood in an organ or tissue—in other words, a bruise

hematoma

contusions produce hemorrhaging which results in the formation of a ________

concussion

when there is a disturbance of consciousness following a blow to the head and there is no evidence of a contusion or other structural damage, the diagnosis is _______

concussion

a traumatic brain injury characterized by temporary loss of normal brain function, often due to impact. Symptoms may include confusion, headache, or memory loss

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

the dementia and cerebral scarring observed in contact sport athletes resulting from repeated head injuries and concussions

brain infection

an invasion of the brain by microorganisms

encephalitis

inflammation resulting from a brain infection

cerebral abscesses

pockets of pus in the brain

meningitis

inflammation of the meninges

general paresis

the syndrome of mental illness and dementia that results from a syphilitic infection

rabies

well-known example of a virus that has a particular affinity for the nervous system

It is transmitted primarily through the bite of an infected animal

mumps and herpes

common examples of viruses that attack the nervous system but have no special affinity for it

neurotoxins

toxic chemicals that can cause damage to the nervous system which enter the body through various routes, including ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption

toxic psychosis

chronic mental illness produced by a neurotoxin

tardive dyskinesia

a disorder characterized by involuntary, repetitive body movements caused by antipsychotic medications in the early 1950s

encompasses a constellation of iatrogenic movement disorders caused by the antagonism of dopamine receptors

down syndrome

the genetic accident than occurs when the mother produces an extra chromosome 21 in the egg

apoptosis

a controlled(active) process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms, helping to eliminate damaged or unnecessary cells

tumors, cerebrovascular disorders, closed-head injuries, infections, toxins, and genetic factors

six causes of brain damage in chapter 10

activating apoptotic programs of self-destruction

the six causes of brain damage in chapter 10 produce neural damage by

necrosis

passive form of cell death resulting from injury or disease

epilepsy, parkinson’s, huntington’s, multiple sclerosis, and alzheimers

five diseases associated with brain damage discussed in chapter 10

epilepsy

A neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, resulting from abnormal electrical activity in the brain. It can lead to changes in behavior, sensation, and consciousness.

epileptic auras

psychological changes experienced before a seizure;

can include sensations such as déjà vu, unusual smells, or feelings of anxiety

focal seizures

a seizure that does not involve the entire brain

simple partial seizures; jacksonian seizures

focal seizures whose symptoms are primarily sensory or motor (or both) and do not cause loss of consciousness;

AKA ______

complex partial seizures

a type of focal seizure that involves a change or loss of consciousness and may include semi-purposeful movements

temporal lobe epilepsy

complex partial seizures are often restricted to the temporal lobes, and those who experience it are said to have _______

automatisms

during a complex partial seizure, the patient engages in compulsive, repetitive, simple behaviors commonly referred to as _______ (e.g. doing and undoing a button)

generalized seizures

type of seizures that involve the whole brain and result in loss of consciousness or muscle control

tonic-clonic seizure, absence seizure,

two forms of generalized seizures

tonic-clonic seizure

a type of generalized seizure characterized by muscle stiffness (tonic) followed by rhythmic jerking (clonic) and loss of consciousness

absence seizure

a type of generalized seizure that is not associated with convulsions; their primary behavioral symptom is a disruption of consciousness associated with cessation of ongoing behavior, a vacant look, and sometimes fluttering eyelids

parkinson’s disease

A progressive neurological disorder that affects movement, leading to symptoms such as tremors, stiffness, slowness of movement (bradykinesia), and balance issues. It results from the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain.

lewy bodies

clumps of protein found inside the surviving dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, often associated with Parkinson's disease

L-dopa

the chemical from which the body synthesizes dopamine and is commonly used as a medication to treat Parkinson's disease

deep brain stimulation

a more controversial treatment for parkinson’s disease where low-intensity electrical stimulation is continually applied to an area of the brain through a stereotaxically implanted electrode

huntington’s disease

a progressive motor disorder that unlike parkinson’s, is rare (1 in 10k), has a simple genetic basis, and is always associated with severe dementia

huntington’s disease

a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor dysfunction, cognitive decline, and psychiatric issues, always resulting in severe dementia

huntingtin/HTT gene

huntington’s disease is passed from generation to generation by a single mutated dominant gene called _______

huntingtin protein

the protein that HTT codes for

multiple sclerosis

an autoimmune disorder that attacks the myelin of axons in the CNS, leading to impaired communication between the brain and the body

hardening

sclerosis means

advanced multiple sclerosis

visual disturbances, muscle weakness, numbness, tremors, and ataxia (loss of motor coordination) are common symptoms of

alzheimer’s disease

the most common cause of dementia in the elderly

alzheimer’s disease

a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline, memory loss, and changes in behavior

microbleeds

small dot-like lesions noticed in the brains of some alzheimer’s patients which appear to result from microhemorrhages

pathogenic spread hypothesis

proposes that many (e.g., alzheimer’s, parkinsons) result from the presence of misfolded proteins that initiate a chain reaction wherein they cause other proteins to misfold

kindling phenomenon; kindling

a series of periodic brain stimulation elicits progressively intensifying convulsions

_____ is comparable to epileptogenesis

epileptogenesis

the development or genesis or epilepsy

MPTP

the offending agent identified from the sample of synthetic heroin that caused the development of parkinsonism.

a neurotoxin that selectively destroys dopaminergic neurons, inducing symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease.

neural degeneration

neural deterioration and death

axotomy

the process of cutting axons

anterograde degeneration

degeneration of distal segment of an axon after axotomy

retrograde degeneration

degeneration of the proximal segment of axon after axotomy

transneuronal degeneration

degeneration spreads from damaged neurons that are linked to them by synapses

neural regeneration

the regrowth of damaged neurons

schwann cells

are the reason why the PNS can regenerate more effectively than the CNS

myelinate PNS axons, clear the debris and scar tissue resulting from neural degeneration and promote regeneration in the mammalian PNS

collateral sprouting

when an axon degenerates, axon branches grow out from adjacent axons to innervate the vacated synaptic sites

phantom limb

amputees continue to experience the limbs that have been amputated