paper 2

whats transpiration rate affected by

light intensity

humidity

temperature

wind speed

what are platlets held together by in a clot

fibrin

hydrogen carbonate indicator with increased co2

yellow

respiration

hydrogen carbonate with normal co2 level

orange

hydrogen carbonate indicator with decreased co2

purple

photosynthesis

kidneys role

remove urea

adjustment of ion levels

adjustment of water content in blood

what are nephrons

the filtration units in the kidneys

excretion

removal of metabolic waste products

osmoregulation

balancing the bodys water levels

what occurs in bowmans capsule

ultrafiltration

what occurs in proximal tubule

selective reabsorption

what occurs in loop of henle

osmoregulation

what occurs in distal tube

selective reabsorption

what occurs in collecting duct

osmoregulation

ultrafiltration

filtration of small molecules out of the blood under pressure.

what stays in blood after ultrafiltration

big blood vessels

red blood cells

white blood cells

proteins

whats in the glomerular filtrate after ultrafiltration

small blood vessels

water

glucose

salt

urea

ADH with increased water in blood

detected by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

less ADH released

collecting duct is less permeable

less water reabsorbed

more urine produced

decrease in water potential of blood

ADH with decreased water in blood

detected by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

more ADH released

collecting duct increases permeability

more water reabsorped

less urine produced

increase in water potential in blood

ADH hormone

source - pituitary gland

role - released when dehydrated to increase blood water levels

effect - increases permeability of collecting duct so more water can be absorbed

FSH hormone

source - pituitary gland

role - female sex hormone

effect - causes egg to mature in ovary

LH hormone

source - pituitary gland

role - female sex hormone

effect - causes ovulation

transpiration

evaporation of water from the leaf usually out of stomata

biodiversity

variety of different species of organisms on earth or within studied ecosystem

nitrogen fixing bacteria

nitrogen gas - nitrates

decomposers

breakdown proteins and urea - ammonium ions

nitrifying bacteria

ammonium ions - nitrates

denitrifying bacteria

nitrates - nitrogen gas

effects of deforestation

leaching - run off of mineral ions

soil erosion

evapotranspiration

mutations

rare and random change to organisms DNA

different codon

different amino acid

different protein

different phenotype

mutations can be increased by

chemical mutagens

ionising radiation

advantages of stem cells

already using bone marrow

could treat diseases

could vastly improve quality of life

disadvantages of stem cells

embryo wont of given consent

unknown long term consequences

possiblilty of rejection if not own stem cells

retina

converts light into electrical impulses

cornea

transparent part of sclera at front of eye

iris

colourful pigment which contains muscles which can increase and decrease size of pupil

optic nerve

carries signal from retina to brain

fovea

area on retina which has lots of photoreceptors

pupil

hole which light passes through

sclera

tough outer coat of the eye