APUSH Period 4 SFI's

Lewis and Clarke Expedition

an expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States (after the Louisiana Purchase); traveled from St. Louis to the Columbia River (1803-1806); to the Pacific and back

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811). Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812

William Henry Harrison

American military leader (and later 9th president); led American forces to victory in the Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle fought against the Shawnee by William Henry Harrison; the discovery of British gun powder proved that they were assisting the Shawnee and gave Congress reason to declare war

Strict Interpretation of the Constitution

believed people should only follow exactly what was stated and allowed in the document; focused on the original intent of the founders; Anti-Federalists…limited power of federal gov't

Loose Interpretation of the Constitution

The belief that the Constitution is open to interpretation and allows for more than is specifically stated; a more flexible and evolving interpretation…changes with the times…Federalists…allowed the gov't to have more power

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court; established the practice of judicial review.

Judicial Review

the power of the Supreme Court to determine if an act of the Gov't is constitutional or unconstitutional

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review; "midnight judges;" John Marshall; created a power of the Supreme Court.

Aaron Burr

Aaron Burr was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New york, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President; killed Hamilton in a duel

Tertium Quids

led by John Randolph, were an extreme states' rights and individual liberties faction of the Jeffersonian Republican party; accused President Jefferson of compromising republican principles to the practical needs of governing the nation

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

decision that established the precedent that the Supreme Court could rule a state law unconstitutional

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

the Supreme Court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank using the Constitution's supremacy clause. The Court's broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

case in which the Supreme Court prevented the New Hampshire from changing Dartmouth's charter to make it a public institution; the Court held that the contract clause of the Constitution extended to charters and that contracts could not be invalidated by state law.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

The Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. The Court's broad interpretation of the Constitution's commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers.

Expressed Powers

powers that congress has that are specifically listed in the constitution

Implied Powers

These are powers not specifically mentioned in the Constitution, but Congress must have them to carry out the powers that are listed

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities

New Cities

After 1820, Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, Cincinnati, and St. Louis developed as transportation points for shipping agricultural products to the East, and receiving manufactured goods from the East

Irish Potato Famine (1840s)

The potato crops in Ireland became diseased and the Irish starved. Set off the mass immigration to the U.S.

Roman Catholic

A branch of Christianity based in Rome. The original Christian church; headed by the Pope

Tammany Hall

most notorious political machine; NY city; Boss Tweed became head in 1863; controlled the city through corruption

German Immigrants

Settled in the rural Midwest and Texas. Many were farmers and craftsmen. Many were well-educated and helped start the system of universal education in the United States.

Immigration (early 1800s)

mostly came from northern and western Europe; looking for an opportunity to improve their lives

King Cotton

Expression used by Southern authors and orators before Civil War to indicate economic dominance of Southern cotton industry, and that North needed South's cotton

Peculiar Institution

A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose Declaration of Independence states that "all men are created equal"

Denmark Vesey

United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged

Nat Turner

United States slave and insurrectionist who in 1831 led a rebellion of slaves in Virginia

Slave Codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

Popular Campaigning

Campaigns of the 1830s and 1840s featured parades and large rallies with free food and drink; associated with Jacksonian Democracy

Spoils System

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

Rotation in Office

Jackson's system of periodically replacing officeholders to allow ordinary citizens to play a more prominent role in government

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

Corrupt Bargain

In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues

Nullification Crisis

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.

Peggy Eaton Affair

A social scandal where many wealthy cabinet member's wives snubbed the socially unacceptable Peggy Eaton, wife of John Eaton. Jackson sided with the Eatons, and the affair helped to dissolve the cabinet - especially those members associated with John C. Calhoun (V.P.), who was against the Eatons and had other problems with Jackson.

States' Rights

the idea that states should have all powers that the Constitution does not give to the federal government or forbid to the states

Webster-Hayne Debate (1830)

It was an unplanned series of speeches in the Senate, during which Robert Hayne of South Carolina interpreted the Constitution as little more than a treaty between sovereign states, and Daniel Webster expressed the concept of the United States as one nation; Cemented the image of Daniel Webster, as a legendary defender of Constitution and nationalism.

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

Two Party System

An electoral system with two dominant parties that compete in national elections; describes the US for most of its history

Democrats and Whigs

Following Missouri Compromise, Democrats supported states rights, Whigs supported strong Federal gov't

Log Cabin and Hard Cider Campaign

It was a Whig party presidential campaign of William Henry Harrison in 1840. It portrayed Harrison as a simple man sprung from the people when in reality he was rich. It won Harrison the election. Campaigning among the masses.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.

Barbary Pirates

North Africans who attacked American ships and tried to ransom American sailors; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations

Impressment

The British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the British navy; a factor in the War of 1812 (the French were doing this too)

Chesapeake Leopard Affair (1807)

British warship Leonard fired on the Chesapeake a American ship. Americans were killed and impressed into the British Navy, creating strong anti British feelings. Jefferson preferred diplomacy as a response rather than war.

Embargo Act (1807)

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants. It also hurt the US economy.

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States (followed Jefferson)

Non-Intercourse Act (1809)

Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships

Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)

Replaced the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809; reopened trade with both Britain and France but held that if either agreed to respect America's neutrality in their conflict, the United States would end trade with the other.

War of 1812

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier.

Old Ironsides

United States 44-gun frigate that was one of the first three naval ships built by the United States (USS Constitution)

Battle of Lake Erie (1813)

U.S. victory in the War of 1812, led by Oliver Hazard Perry

Oliver Hazard Perry

United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the War of 1812

Battle of the Thames River

This naval battle, near Detroit, was led by General William Henry Harrison. The U.S. defeated the British, and the American Indian Tecumseh was killed.

Battle of Lake Champlain (1814)

A battle where the British fleet was defeated and was forced to retreat and to abandon their plans to invade New York and New England after being stopped by Thomas Macdonough. The British began to decide that the war was too costly.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815).

Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)

U.S. forces - led by Andrew Jackson - defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe (in Alabama) who opposed American expansion. *Historical Significance

Creek Nation

This American Indian tribe was an important British ally in the War of 1812 until being defeated by Andrew Jackson.

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

Last major battle of the War of 1812; making Andrew Jackson a national hero and propelling him later to the presidency; fought after the Treaty of Ghent was signed.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Ended the War of 1812. Did not address grievances that led to the war (stalemate for both sides).

Stephen Decatur

In 1815, this naval officer led a U.S. fleet to force the leaders of North Africa to allow safe American shipping in the Mediterranean.

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

Signed by Britain and the United States, it established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes, a first step in the full demilitarization of the U.S.-Canadian border, completed in the 1870s.

Treaty of 1818

Treaty between Britain and America, it allowed the Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada, and gave both countries a joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for the next 10 years.

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

also known as the Florida Purchase Treaty; under its terms, the United States paid Spain $5 million for Florida, Spain recognized America's claims to the Oregon Country, and the United States surrendered its claim to northern Mexico (Texas)

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.

Second Bank of the United States

chartered in 1816, much like its predecessor of 1791 but with more capital; it could not forbid state banks from issuing notes, but its size and power enabled it to compel the state banks to issue only sound notes or risk being forced out of business; Andrew Jackson let it expire in 1836

Pet Banks

A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.

Specie Circular (1836)

Executive Order issued by President Jackson, was meant to stop land speculation caused by States printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. The Circular required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and public land sales dropped sharply…this hurt the economy

Panic of 1837

When Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver, many state banks collapsed as a result. A financial panic started. the 2nd Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Martin Van Buren

8th president (followed Jackson); called for lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

Universal Manhood Suffrage

Giving all adult men the right to vote, whether they owned property or not; Jackson called for this (very popular)

Party Nominating Convention

where party politicians and voters would gather in a large meeting hall to nominate the party's candidates (Anti-Masonic Party was the first to do such a thing), replaced the king caucus; gave voters a voice in the choice of candidates

King Caucus

Up until 1820, presidential candidates were nominated by caucuses of the two parties in Congress, but in 1824, this idea was overthrown and replaced by party nominating conventions

Popular Election of the President

In the 1832 presidential election, all states except South Carolina, allowed voters to choose their state's slate of presidential electors instead of the state legislature choosing them

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

Protective Tariff

A tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy domestic goods

Henry Clay

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises; ran for president five times

The American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Panic of 1819

This was the first widespread economic crisis in the United States which brought deflation, depression, bank failures, and unemployment. This set back nationalism and led to more sectionalism and hurt the poorer class, which gave way to Jacksonian Democracy.

National Road (Cumberland Road)

The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat (used widely for trade on rivers & along the coast in the US)

Railroads

Began to replace canals in the US by the 1840s; led to more westward expansion in the 1800s

Eli Whitney

was the first to use mass production employing interchangeable parts; wanted to be able to produce great numbers of muskets quickly; invented and mass produced the Cotton Gin, which revolutionized the cotton industry in the South

Interchangeable Parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing; necessary for mass production to occur

Mechanical Reaper

Machine that could harvest wheat quickly; led to the explosion of wheat production in the US

Cyrus McCormick

Invented the mechanical reaper

Steel Plow

farming device that was strong enough to cut through the tough prairie sod of the Midwest and the Plains; led to a dramatic increase in settlement of the Great Plains

John Deere

American blacksmith that was responsible for inventing and mass producing the steel plow.

Corporations

businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock; limits the liability of the owners

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

Factory System

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building

Lowell System

In these factories as much machinery as possible was used, so that few skilled workers were needed in the process, the workers were almost all single young farm women, who worked for a few years and then returned home to be housewives

Textile Mills

factories that make clothes and fabrics

Industrialization

the building of factories to produce large amounts of goods using machines

Specialization of Labor

To train or specialize people in certain areas of work so that people can accomplish tasks quicker with very little skill (usually low pay)

Unions

An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages; usually with little success in the 1800s

Market Revolution

the major change in the US economy produced by people's beginning to buy and sell goods rather than make them for themselves