APES Unit 2

Genetic Diversity

Genetic Diversity

DNA and rarity of genetic material

Species Diversity

Visible, number and abundance of species

Species Richness

How many species are there (11)>(8), total of species found

Species Evenness

Relative abundance, measure of all organisms in an ecosystem balanced

Genetic Diversity

Gene Pool

Natural Selection

Choosing and rejecting traits

Population Bottleneck/ Inbreeding Depression

low population, inbreeding, birth defects, and diseases

Causes over-hunting and habitat loss

What happens if the food chain loses one member?

Yes, it easily recovers

Does food web recover easier than food chain?

Generalist Feeder

omnivores, generalist can out compete if a change in habitat

Specialist Feeder

will out compete generalist, gets food very well

Environmental Stress

Caused by low variation in environmental conditions

can put specific animals to extinction

What can evolution cause?

Provisioning

goods taken directly from environment/ecosystem(natural resources)

Regulating

Natural ecosystem can regulate climate/air quality, reducing storm damage, and health care costs

Supporting

natural ecosystem support processes we do, making cheaper and easier

Cultural

Money generated by recreation or scientific knowledge

Functional Diversity

biological and chemical process

Ecosystem Diversity

the variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem

Ecosystem Resilience

ability of an ecosystem to return to its original conditions after a major disturbance/ Higher species diversity = High Ecosystem Resilience

Large Islands

Highest rich species will be on ________ near the mainland

Small Islands

The lowest species richness will be found on _______ far from the mainland

Ecological Tolerance

refers to range of conditions such as temperature, salinity, flow rate, and sunlight that can organism can endure before injury or death.

Dissolved Oxygen

important abiotic factor

Stress

Changes in abiotic conditions that can lead to ______.

Bell Shaped

Range of tolerance often represented as a ____ ____ curve.

Own Range

Species and individuals have their ____ _____ in different environments.

Optimal Range

Where Organisms Thrive

Zone of intolerance

Where Organisms Die

Resource Partitioning

organisms with similar resources (limited) use it different times, ways, or places

Anthropogenic

Human Disruption

Processes that take place fast or over long period of time

Periodic, Episodic, & Random

habitat changes/loss

Major environmental disturbances result in a wide spread _________.

Small Changes or Genetic Changes

Organisms to an environment change overtime, short term, and long term, scales via __________.

advantageous gene

For a population to adapt to a new environment, the __________ must be presented before environment change.

raw material -results in mutation which could give an advantage

Genetic diversity is the _________ for an organism to adapt in their environment

alter behavior, or perish

Environmental changes either sudden or gradual, may threaten a species survival, requiring to _______________.

-random mutations -crossing over parent gene

Genetic Diversity exists...

Fitness & Adaptation

• type of genetic diversity or variability in genomes of individuals

Selective pressure/force

the condition that kills organisms without adaptations

adapt

more rapid an environmental change, the less likely a species would be able to_______.

Primary Succession

Begins with lifeless area(bare rock, no soil) Moss and Lichens

Secondary Succession

Doesn't start at bare rock; plant life just removed

Keystone Species

whose activities have a significant role in determining community structure; supporting other organisms

Ecosystem Engineers

species that create, change, or destroy a habitat

Mutualists

two species interact for the benefit of both

Indicator Species

plant or animal, by presence, abundance, scarcity, or chemical composition, demonstrates aspects of character or quality of an ecosystem present

Pioneers

______ were able to outcompete established vegetation and survive the disturbances

biomass, species richness, and net productivity

Succession in a disturbed ecosystem will affect _____________________________.

after disturbance

Pioneer or early succession appear_________.

Pioneer Species

Mid-Succession species appear after ________ helped develop deeper soil with more nutrients.

soil is deeper and rich

Late Successional or climax community species appear last after ___________.