Studied by 1 person
why do we conduct research?
research involving humans premised on a fundamental moral commitment to advancing human welfare, knowledge, and understanding to examining cultural dynamics
purpose of research ethics
Correct past problems
Prevent new problems and abuses
Law is not enough
what 2 major past atrocities lead to the advancement of healthcare ethics?
Nazi science
Tuskagee institute (Alabama)
Unethical research conducted that could not be conducted now
Dr. T. Clark, Tuskagee Study (1932-1972)
Studied the natural progression of disease because at the time there was no cure (syphilis)
399 untreated syphilitic African Americans
no informed consent
very risky inhumane treatment
Numberg code (1947)
Ethics code set in place to protect human subjects from enduring the kind of cruelty and exploitation the prisoners endured at concentration camps. Inspired by trials of nazi war criminals.
'the voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential' (Article 1)
Declaration of Helsinki (1964)
the World Medical Association established recommendations guiding medical doctors in biomedical research involving human participants
Therapy vs research
what is the end goal
May find outcomes but will it be therapeutic?
Patient vs research subject
Patient is treated, research subject is used to find outcome
Right to Standard of Care (Declaration of Helsinki Amended in 1996)
Every patient including those of a control group, should be assured of the best proven diagnostic and therapeutic method
Do not expose them to tremendous risk
TPS (Tri-Council Policy Statement) - AKA "Tri-Council Code"
joint policy expresses the continuing commitment of the three Councils to the people of Canada, to promote the ethical conduct of research involving human subjects
Tri-Council Code 4 basic principles
Respect for persons - actively respect patients autonomy
Non-maleficence
Beneficence
Justice
Guiding Ethical Principles (1999)
Human dignity
Free and informed consent
Vulnerable persons
Privacy and confidentiality
Justice and inclusiveness
Balancing harms and benefits
Non-maleficence
Minimizing harm
Maximizing benefits
research subjects responsibilities
researcher is obligated To examine your consent for hidden reasons
If one becomes apparent, the researcher should refuse you
example of coercion/bias
Example 2 - HIV
Looking for HV cures
Go to places where transmission rates are high, and where ethical codes aren't strict
People got vaccines for work purposes - to keep their jobs ex; prostitutes
Coercion
expectation of favour - reference for parole, example of good behaviour, coincides with treatment)
Vulnerable populations
groups who have structural/systemic vulnerability to the powerful who may want to research using them
why are vulnerable populations more susceptible to influence/coercion?
Institutionalized disparity of power
An inability to respect their own interests
If the population have to consider punishment or rewards before participating
Susceptibility to power
inducement
reward received , but ultimately your choice
ex; something, a gift, reward etc
Seems irresistible
Inducement causes taking of unusual risk
Coercion vs. Inducement
Coercion = Forcibly, against your will
Inducement = reward, ultimately your choice
characteristics of valid informed consent
potential participants should understand the risks, potential benefits, procedures, and alternatives
3 facts participants must understand
research contribution - those who enroll in the study will be contributing to a project designed to gather generalizable knowledge to benefit others in the future
research relationship - the investigators will rely on participants' efforts to gather the generalizable knowledge to benefit others
research impact - the extent to which participating in the study will alter what participants do and what happens to them
Purposes of Informed Consent
the requirement for informed consent allows competent individuals to decide whether participation in research is consistent with their interests
allows individuals to decide for themselves whether they will enroll in the study in question
Lappé's Protein Theory
Central thesis in the book is presented as dietary advice but also has a strong moral tone to it
scarcity of food in the world
animals fed excessive protein in order to grow meat protein chickens eat 8 pounds of protein feed in order to produce 1 pound of meat protein
Humans don't need to eat animal protein to be healthy - we would be healthier if we ate the non-meat proteins we feed chickens
Conclusion --> eating animals is short sighted and ultimately harmful to us and others
how much meat do we consume on average ?
Chicken 30.6 kgs
Beef 30 kg
Pork 28.1 kgs
Turkey 4.3kg
Veal 1.1kgs
Lamb 1.0 kgs
96.8 kgs of meat per person per year
is meat more popular now or in the past?
Meat is more popular now than ever - since 1972 chicken consumption has increased 84% and everything else has stayed the same
ecological impacts of animal farming
overpopulation of cattle and methane expulsions effect one the ozone
Fecal run off into water supplies
Grazing lands for cattle causing permanent damage to land surfaces (we can't grow anything else on that land, even after the beef farm disappears)
benefits of organic farming
limit exposure to pesticides and anti-biotic resistant bacteria
limited exposure to chemicals better for health
"Inhumane" Conditions in "Factory Farming?"
Production of animal products
Treatment of animals in factory farms
High density farms
Trying to save money and being efficient results in inhumane animal treatment
what does factory farming often lead to?
A lot of animals in one place - worries about animal diseases
The emergence of Zoonotic Infections - SARS, bird flu, etc
Pathogens exposed to humans from animals
Peter Singer theory
Believes that personhood could include higher order mammals but also exclude some disabled or damaged humans
Equality is about the equal consideration of interests, but humans ignore the interests of higher order mammals in order to suit their own comforts and pleasures
Singer is also strict utilitarian (great good for greatest number)
All he is doing is expanding the membership of the 'greatest number' - instead of just humans, it is mammalian persons
Speciesists
one who discriminates against another's rights by virtue of their belonging to another (non-human) species.
Singer's Concept of Personhood
a person is any creature (Human or non-human) who meets all of the following criteria:
Feel pain
Make own decisions
Foresee a future
Able to communicate
Ability to reason
Self-aware
Autonomous
claims about animals supporting singers theory
Sheep developed deep friendships
Cows are problem solvers
Animals have both reason and emotions in a relationship that is similar to our own
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