Nursing 104: Genetics

Describe the structure of DNA.

Sugar Phosphate backbone and nucleotides.

What are the bas pairing rules in DNA

A pairs with T, C pairs with G

Define Genome:

The complete set of genetic material of an organism (all DNA inside us)

Chromosomes:

THEY ARE THREA DLIKE STRUCTURES OF NUCLEIC ACID AND PORTEIN, USUALLY FOUND IN THE NUCLEUS OF CELLS. Structures that organize and compact DNA in the cell, consisting of DNA coiled around histone proteins.

CO DOMANANCE

A genetic scenario where both alleles in a heterozygous individual fully express their traits without one being dominant over the other.

What is genetics

Genetics is the study of heredity and the variation, or the study of how the traits vary in the population and are passed from parent to offspring

Genes

are the basic units of heredity, consisting of DNA sequences that encode instructions for the synthesis of proteins and determine traits in organisms.

Alleles

are different variations of a gene that can exist at a specific locus, contributing to variations in traits.

DNA replication:

the process by which a cell duplicates its DNA, ensuring that each new cell receives an identical copy of the genetic material.

Transcription

is the process where the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA), which then carries the genetic information to the ribosome for protein synthesis. (mRNA is made)

messenger (mRNA)

is a single-stranded molecule synthesized during transcription that serves as a template for protein synthesis. It is a copy of rNA, uses Uracil instead of Thymine

Translation

the process of creating a protein using mRNA as a template int he cytoplasmwhere ribosomes read the mRNA sequence and assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain, resulting in a functional protein.

genotype

Is the genetic make up of a individual.

Phenotype

is the observable or chemical characters (behaviour) of a individual, tis can also due due to environment.

wild type

the “normal” allele and phenotype present in most individuals.

monogenic

referring to a trait determined by a single gene

polygenic

(complex) multiple genes have an influence on the final phenotypes eg- height

Haploid

A single set of chromosome snot pairs = just 23 (half the number).

Diploid

46 chromosomes, 23 form sperm, 23 from egg

gamates

Egg and Sperm, have only 23 chromosomes each