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Neuron
The basic building block of the nervous system.
Synapse
The junction between two neurons.
Dendrite
The part of a neuron that receives messages from other neurons.
Axon
The part of a neuron that transmits impulses away from the cell body.
Myelin sheath
Fatty layer that insulates the axon, helping speed up neural impulses.
Receptor
Sites in the postsynaptic cell membrane to which the neurotransmitter binds.
CNS
The central nervous system, consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
PNS
Peripheral nervous system, connects the CNS to the rest of the body.
Somatic NS
Part of the PNS that controls voluntary movements.
Autonomic NS
Part of the PNS that controls involuntary movements.
Sympathetic NS
Part of the autonomic nervous system that triggers the fight or flight response.
Parasympathetic NS
Part of the autonomic nervous system that promotes rest and digest.
Sensory neurons
Neurons that form afferent pathways, sending messages to the CNS.
Motor neurons
Neurons that form efferent pathways, sending instructions from the CNS to muscles.
Afferent
Neurons that carry signals toward the CNS.
Efferent
Neurons that carry signals away from the CNS.
Brainstem
The oldest part of the brain, controlling basic life functions.
Medulla oblongata
Part of the brainstem that controls heart rate and breathing.
Thalamus
The control center of the brain that directs sensory information.
Cerebellum
The part of the brain responsible for balance, posture, coordination, and proprioception.
Limbic system
Group of structures regulating emotions, behavior, motivation, and memory.
Amygdala
Part of the limbic system responsible for emotional experiences, especially anger and fear.
Hippocampus
Part of the limbic system involved in storing and processing factual memories.
Cerebral cortex
Layer of interconnected neural cells enabling higher-order cognitive functions.
Frontal lobe
Part of the cerebral cortex responsible for attention, planning, and problem-solving.
Sensory Homunculus
Map of the body in the brain indicating the amount of brain area devoted to sensory processing from each body part.
Corpus callosum
A thick band of nerve fibers connecting the right and left hemispheres of the brain.
Association areas
Regions of the cerebral cortex involved in higher-order mental functions like learning and thinking.
MRI
A magnet that temporarily disorients atoms to create images of soft tissue.
Natural Selection
The process where traits beneficial for survival are passed down through generations.
Sexual Selection
The process where traits that are attractive to others are passed down, even if they are not beneficial for survival.