Psychology Exam 3 (5,13,11)

Gender

Psychological characteristics

Sex

Biological predisposition, genetics

Sex Chromosomes

XX- female
XY- male

Primary Sex Chromosomes

Organs that are responsible for sexual reproduction

Secondary Sex Chromosomes

Visible traits that society often uses to determine a person's biological sex. Typically appears at puberty.

Intersex

A person who has both parts

Menarche

Term typically used to explain that a woman has started her menstruation.

Sexual Orientation

The degree of emotion and sexual attraction to a specific sexual category

Asexual

Having no sexual attraction to others

Transgender

Birth sex is not how they view themselves

Sexual Scripts

Stereotype that men should propose not the other way around.

Quid Pro Quo

Sexual harassment where workers are "rewarded" for sexual behaviors at work
Ex) professor asks student on a date for a better grade

Refactory Period

Men have to wait after sex while women don't

Rape Myths

A statement that places the blame on the survivor or minimizes how serious rape is.

Biological Determinism

The idea that males and females are born different.
This argument states our biology makes men and women different.

Differential Socialization

The argument that men and women are taught to act differently

Personality

An individual's unique long-term pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Introverts

A shy, reticent person

Extrovert

An outgoing, overtly expressive person

Self-Esteem

How much you value, respect, and feel confident about yourself

Cardinal Traits

Traits around which a person organizes his or her life
Ex) Abraham Lincoln and honesty

Factor Analysis

Statistical procedure that lumps multiple questions together that fit together in one simple dimension.

Five-Factor Model

Reducing all character traits down to five major characteristics

Agreeableness

People that are friendly, nurturing, and caring

Conscientious

These people are highly motivated, disciplined, and responsible

Neuroticism

People that rank high on this dimension tend to have antisocial characteristics

Openness to Exleriences

People like to try new ideas

Self-Disclosure

Voluntary sharing of information about the self that another person is not likely to know. Can effect how others view you

Narcissism

Selfishness, involving a sense of entitlement, a lack of empathy

Peer Nominations

the most common measurement in childhood social experiments.
Ex) "Who is the meanest person in your class"

Health Psychology

A "reorientation" towards the positive aspect of the human lifespan.

Behavioral Medicine

The focus is to guide the patients to a healthier lifestyle

Lifestyle Diseases

Diseases that occur to personal habits that cause health problems.
Ex) heart disease, stroke, HIV/AIDS, lung cancer, obisity

Two most common behaviors related to lifestyle diseases in the U.S.

Smoking and overweight

Refusal Skills Training

Program that teaches youths how to say "no" under specific circumstances

Life Skills Training

Teaching how to deal effectively with the demands of everyday life

Stress

An evolved adaptation that allows us to respond to changes in our environment.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

How the body automatically responds to long-term stress. Consists of three stages

First Stage of GAS

Alarm reaction

Second Stage of GAS

Resistance stage

Third Stage of GAS

Exhaustion stage

Psychoneuroimmunology

Psychology + Neuroscience + Immunology.
The study of how the brain responds to stress by influencing the immune system

Caregiver's Burden

Research shows that family members caring for Alzheimer's patients sometimes die before the person with Alzheimer's!

Emotion-Focused Coping

Trying to deal with stress by controlling our emotions related to the stress.

Problem-Focused Coping

Deals with attempting to remove the source of stress

Fight-or-Flight

Biological response to stress where us unconsciously determine if we should fight or run.

Tend-and-Befriend

Preventative approach to danger where you take care of your children/friends and increasing your social network for protection.

Traumatic Stress

Stress that occurs due to extreme situations
Ex) war, abuse, wrecks

Comorbidity

The co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

Rumination

This is the lack of activity and focus on negative thoughts, behaviors, and memories

Requirement to Diagnose a Depressive Episode

Sadness, frustration, hopelessness, disturbance of sleep, appetite change, problems focusing, lack of energy

Are masculine or feminine people more likely to report depression? Why?

Girls are twice as likely to report depressive symptoms.

Protection Effect

An argument that marriage tends to improve physical health

Protection Statment

Marriage provides emotional and financial support which helps improve health

Selection Effect

An argument that marriage does not actually improve health

Selection Statment

Healthy people marry other health people