Unit 1

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26 Terms

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Variable

Any characteristic (quality or quantity) recorded for each case in a dataset.

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Explanatory Variable

A variable used to help explain or predict values of another variable.

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Response Variable

A variable whose values are predicted or explained by another variable.

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Categorical Variable

Divides cases into groups, placing each case into exactly one of two or more categories.

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Quantitative Variable

Measures or records a numerical quantity for each case.

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Ordinal Variable

A categorical variable with natural, ordered categories where the distances between categories are not meaningful.

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Sampling Bias

Occurs when the method of selecting a sample causes it to differ from the population in a relevant way.

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Selection Bias

Introduced by selecting individuals or groups such that proper randomization is not achieved.

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Survival Bias

The logical error of focusing only on those that made it past a selection process, overlooking those that did not.

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Participation Bias

Phenomenon where survey results become non-representative due to participants disproportionately possessing certain traits.

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Random Sampling

A sampling method ensuring that every unit has an equal chance of being included in the sample.

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Controlled Experiment

An experiment where the researcher actively controls one or more of the explanatory variables.

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Observational Study

A study where the researcher observes variables as they naturally exist without active control.

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Placebo Effect

When subjects experience perceived benefits from a treatment they believe is effective, regardless of the treatment's actual efficacy.

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Blinding

In experiments, preventing participants (single-blind) or both participants and researchers (double-blind) from knowing which group participants are assigned to.

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Confounding Variable

A third variable associated with both the explanatory and response variables, offering a plausible explanation for their association.

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Continuous Variable

A quantitative variable that can take any value within a given range.

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Discrete Variable

A quantitative variable that can take only specific values, often counts.

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Skewness

A measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable.

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Kurtosis

A measure of the 'tailedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable.

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Normal Distribution

A probability distribution that is symmetric about the mean, depicting the data distribution as a bell curve.

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Outlier

A data point that significantly differs from other observations in a dataset.

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Correlation

A statistical measure that describes the extent to which two variables are related.

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Causation

A relationship where one event causes another event to occur.

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Population

The entire group from which a sample may be drawn for a study.

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Sample

A subset of a population used to represent the group in statistical analysis.