EQUIPMENT AND PROTECTION

BULLET/ SWALLOWED ITEMS, OBJECT INSERTED INTO BODY

FOREIGN BODIES

ARTIFICIAL JOINTS, SCREWS AND PLATES

PROSTHESIS

BARIUM/ IODINE

CONTRAST MEDIA

PACEMAKERS/ CHEST PORTS

IMPLANTS

JEWLERY OR PIERCINGS

REMOVEABLE

WHAT IS PACS

PICTURE ARCHIVING AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

• - WHERE IMAGE CAN BE STORED ELECTRONICALLY

• - SHARED WITH COMPUTERS OR SYSTEM

• - SERVES AS ELECTRONIC FILE ROOM

• - ACCESSION NUMBER ASSIGNED TO FILE PT HAS MRN/ EXAM HAS ACCESSION NUMBER

PACS

CHARACTERISITICS OF X-RAY

• - INVISIBLE/ HIGHLY PENETRATING

• - IONIZE MATTER

• - STRAIGHT LINES

• - TRAVELS SPEED OF LIGHT

  • - CAN CAUSE: BIOLOGICAL CHANGES, SCATTER, SECONDARY RADIATION

TYPES OF BACKGROUND RADIATION

• - TERRESTRIAL

• - INTERNAL SPACE

• - RADON

• - THORON

WHAT TYPE OF BACKGROUND RADIATION ACCOUNTS FOR MOST RADIATION (30%)

RADON & THORON

MOST RADIOSENSITIVE ORGANS

LENS OF EYE, THYROID, GONADS, BONE MARROW

ALARA STANDS FOR

AS LOW AS REASONABLY ACHIEVABLE

MINIMUM DISTANCE YOU SHOULD BE AT RADIATION EXPOSURE

6 FT

HIGH KVP =

LOW mAs

IR RECEIVED TOO MUCH RADIATION

OVEREXPOSED

IR DID NOT RECEIVE ENOUGH RADIATION

UNDEREXPOSED

SHORT EXPOSURE TIME REDUCES

MOTION BLUR

EVALUATE EXPOSURE

EXPOSURE INDICATORS

• 
  

• - RANGE SPECIFIC TO MANUFACTURER

EI EXPOSURE INDEX

DI STANDS FOR

DEVIATION INDEX

• - MEASURES QUANTITY OF RADIATION RECEIVED

• - WORN AT COLLAR LEVEL OUTSIDE/ LEAD COLLAR APRON

• - RECEIVES EXPOSURE REPORT

• 
  

DOSIMETER

OSL STANDS FOR

OPTICALLY STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE DOSIMETER

TLD STANDS FOR

THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETER

• - ALUMINUM OXIDE CRYSTALS

• - MAXIMUM WEAR= 2 MONTHS

• - SENSITIVITY- 1 MREM

OSL DOSIMETER

• - LITHIUM FLOURIDE

• - MAXIMUM WEAR= 3 MONTHS

• -SENSITIVITY= 5 MREM

TLD DOSIMETER

ANODE IS WHAT CHARGE

POSITIVE

CATHODE IS WHAT CHARGE

NEGATIVE

WHAT METAL IS ANODE AND CATHODE MADE OF

TUNGSTEN

CATHODE IS THE SOURCE OF

ELECTRON

WHAT IS APPLIED TO ACCELERATE ELECTRONS

HIGH VOLTAGE (KVP)

ELECTRONS CRASH INTO WHAT TO PRODUCE X-RAYS

ANODE

X-RAYS ARE PRODUCED IN

CATHODE RAY TUBE

WHAT HAPPENS IF GLASS IS CRACKED ON X-RAY TUBE

CAN NO LONGER BE USED

RUNS THROUGH FILAMENT—-BECOMES HOT BOILING OFF ELECTRONS——THEN ACCELERATED TOWARD ANODE

THERMIONIC EMISSION

PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY IN THERMIONIC EMISSION RESULTING IN X-RAYS

1%

PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY IN THERMIONIC EMISSION RESULTING IN HEAT INSIDE TUBE

99%

HAVE TO TURN DIAL TO ADJUST SIZE OF LIGHT FIELD

MANUAL COLLIMATION

WHAT DOES PBL STAND FOR IN PBL COLLIMATION

POSITIVE BEAM LIMITATION

AUTOMATICALLY ADJUSTS BASED ON IR SIZE OR PART SELETED

PBL COLLIMATION

LENGTH OF TABLE

LONGITUDINAL

SIDE TO SIDE/ LATITUDINAL

TRANSVERSE

UP AND DOWN/ SID

VERTICAL

INDICATES ANGLE OF TUBE/ O DEGREES POINTED TO FLOOR

TUBE ANGLE INDICATOR

ALIGN TUBE TO BUCKY

DETENT

DOES TABLE TOP HAVE TO BE DETENTED?

NO

• - WALL/ TABLE

• - CONTAINS GRID

• - PERMANENT/ REMOVEABLE

• - TRAY GOES INTO IR

BUCKY

KILOVOLTAGE PEAK

kVp

SELECTS kVp APPLIED TO X RAY TUBE TO PRODUCE X-RAYS

kVp

CONTROLS ENERGY OF ELECTRONS & SUBSEQUENTLY ENERGY OF X-RAY BEAM

kVp

DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY RANGE FOR kVp

30- 150 kVp

kVp=

1000 volts

PENETRATING POWER/ QUALITY OF X-RAY

kVp

mA STANDS FOR

MILLIAMPERAGE

SELECTS X-RAY TUBE CURRENT ON CATHODE END OF TUBE

mA

CONTROLS # OF ELECTRONS PRODUCED BY THERMOIONIC EMISSIONS

mA

CONTROLS QUANTITY OF X-RAYS PRODUCED

mA

• - CONTROLS AMOUNT OF X-RAY PHOTONS

• - RADIATION EXPOSURE DELIVERED TO PATIENT OR INTENSITY OF BEAM

mA

MILLIAMPERAGE RAGE

50-1000 mA

• - CONTROLS AMOUNT LENGTH/ EXPOSURE

• - CONTROLS TIME ELECTRONS FLOW FROM CATHODE TO ANODE

• - RANGES FROM MILLISECONDS TO 6 SECONDS

EXPOSURE TIME SELECTOR

MATHEMATICAL EQUATION FOR mAs

mA X s = mAs

• - CONTROLS INITITATION OF EXPOSURE

• - PREP HEATS CATHODE AND ROTATES ANODE

• - WHEN EXPOSURE IS MADE & kV APPLIED ITS BEEPS

EXPOSURE SWITCH

WHAT DOES HOLDING DOWN ROTOR ON EXPOSURE SWITCH FOR EXTENDED TIME DO?

DECREASE LIFE OF X-RAY TUBE

AEC STANDS FOR

AUTOMATIC EXPOSURE CONTROL

• - AUTOMATICALLY TERMINATED EXPOSURE WHEN PREDETERMINED AMOUNT OF EXPOSURE IS REACHED

AEC

PORTABLE FLUOROSCOPY UNIT

C-ARM

X-RAY EXITING TUBE

PRIMARY RADIATION

CHANGES DIRECTION WHEN X-RAY HITS BODY OR PART

SCATTER RADIATION

RADIATION THAT EXITS PATIENT AND REACHES IR

REMNANT RADIATION

REDUCTION DUE TO SCATTER AND ABSORPTION

ATTENUATION