Music & Art Final

Rococo Art Characteristics

decorative, delicate details, elaborate curves, elegant appearance, intricate patterns

Jean-Antoine Watteau

important French artist of the Rococo style; The Embarkation for Cythera (1717)

Neo-classical art characteristics

clear precise lines

smooth brushstrokes

balance and symmetry

moral messages

social virtues

Jacques-Louis David

most important neoclassical artist 

“Never let your brushstrokes show”  

Oath of the Horatii 

3 brothers

3 arches

focal point: swords

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres

paint should be as smooth “as the skin of an onion”

clear, precise lines

 Ingres vs Delacroix

Ingres: Neo-Classicism, line

Delacroix": Romantic, color

Classical Period Acryonym

     S ymphony; Sonata Form 

     O bjective 

Ba L ance 

     V ienna 

     E nlightenment (Age of)

SONATA FORM

EXPOSITION:

                   Bridge    Theme 2       Closing

Theme 1    Dominant (V)          V

Tonic (I)

DEVELOPMENT:

unstable – modulates through more keys

increased harmonic tension

explores/develops themes or fragments (motives)

RECAPITULATION:

Theme 1     Bridge     Theme 2       Closing   Coda    

Tonic (I)       I       I                 I             I

Rondo

 typical example of a fast fourth movement

common rondo pattern:  A B A C A - A keeps coming back and shows unity

Chamber Music

small group of instrumentalists 

one performer for each part

string quartet - most popular 

two violins

viola

cello

Joseph Haydn

long-term patronage relationship with Prince Esterhazy

two trips to England: 12 London Symphonies

due to isolation on patron’s estate, forced to become original

orchestra at his disposal allowed for experiments

104 symphonies

68 string quartets

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

S ymphonies (41); Salzburg 

O peras (best known Classical opera composer today)

C oncertos 

C hild prodigy (on tour from age 6-15) all over. . .

E urope 

R eligious 

Ludwig van Beethoven

D eaf 

I  nfluenced many composers after him 

S cherzo 

T hemes (cyclical)

R eligious 

E xtended: movements, developments, codas 

S ymphonies (9)

S onatas for piano (32)

Number of symphonies composed by Haydn

104

Number of symphonies composed by Mozart

41

Number of symphonies composed by Beethoven

9

Cadenza

brilliant passage for the soloist alone – without the orchestra - near the end of a concerto movement

Scherzo

lively, quick movement

replaces the minuet and trio

Social influences in Romantic period

Industrial Revolution

Nature

Concept of the Sublime

Francisco Goya

Spain and Deaf

Eugene Delacroix

French Romantic artist

Delacroix and Ingres publicly feuded about the merits of Romanticism vs. Neo-classicism

Joseph Mallord William Turner

Best loved English Romantic painter

“Painter of Light”

John Constable

great Romantic English landscape painter

Caspar David Friedrich

most important German Romantic landscape artist

paintings are rich in symbolism

Romantic period melodies

long and expressive

Lied

German art song for solo voice and piano accompaniment

Franz Schubert

wrote more than 600 Lieder 

Frederic Chopin

born and raised in Poland

settled in Paris

wrote almost exclusively for the piano

Franz Liszt

piano virtuoso

“Lisztomania”

Program music

 Instrumental music that tells a story 

Tone Poem/Symphonic Poem 

single-movement orchestral work of program music

Felix Mendelssohn

considered more conservative

rekindled interest in the music of Bach

Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century Music   

composers deliberately reflected their homeland in their music

use of folk music

nationalist subjects for operas, symphonic poems, or other musical forms

Bedrich Smetana

like Beethoven before him, went deaf

father of Czech national music

Johannes Brahms

conservative and traditionalist

War of the Romantics

Liszt: new musical forms

Brahms: traditional forms

Leitmotif

short recurring musical phrase  - associated with a particular person, object, or situation

Richard Wagner 

most important German composer of opera in the Romantic period

immoral lifestyle

The Ring of the Nibelung (Ring Cycle)

Giuseppe Verdi

most important Italian Romantic composer of opera in the Romantic period  

nationalism

Giacomo Puccini

13 operas

two are set in the far east countries of Japan and China

composed some of the most performed operas today, ex. La Boheme