Gross Anatomy Block 3 - Week Three: Notes and Extra Information

Thickness of Skin on Plantar Surface of Foot

Epidermis - 1.5mm

Dermis - 3 mm

True or False; The Plantar Surface of the foot has a low concentration of Sweat Glands and numerous Sebaceous Glands

False; The opposite - Sweat Glands in high concentration and no Sebaceous Glands

Do other areas of skin work for autographs of the Plantar Skin?

No

Function of Fat Pads in the Foot

Protect Bones, Nerves, Vasculature; Absorbs and dissipates energy from impact and shear forces acting on the foot

Fat Pads are considered ___ Fats and are NOT broken down to be used for energy

Essential Fats

What is the function of the Filaments that run through the Fat Pads of the Foot?

Adhere skin to underlying Bone and Connective Tissue; Prevents fat from spreading out from compressive forces during weight-bearing

Flat Foot is also known as...

Pes Planus

A foot with a high medial arch is known as...

Pes Cavus

Is Pes Planus or Pes Cavus more common?

Pes Planus

Flat Feet / Pes Planus is commonly caused by...

Ligaments of the foot not holding the Medial Arch of the foot properly - causes the Navicular to begin bearing weight

The ___ is the highest Arch of the foot?

Medial Arch

Does the Lateral Longitudinal Arch do more or less weight-bearing than the rest of the foot?

Less

What two Metatarsals do the most weight-bearing?

First and Fifth

Plantar Fasciitis is a inflammation of what structure?

Plantar Aponeurosis

Pain on the Medial Side of the Foot just Anterior to the Heel is indicative of what condition?

Plantar Fasciitis

Which is thicker; the Plantar Aponeurosis or Plantar Fascia?

Plantar Aponeurosis

Extending the Big Toe stretches what structure of the foot?

Plantar Aponeurosis

Muscles of the First Layer of the Plantar Surface of the Foot

Abductor Hallucis, Flexor Digitorum Brevis, Abductor Digiti Minimi

Muscles of the Second Layer of the Plantar Surface of the Foot

Flexor Hallucis Longus, Flexor Digitorum Longus Tendons; Quadratus Plantae, Lumbricals

When the Flexor Hallucis Brevis splits, what tendon runs through the split?

Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon

What part of the Calcaneus holds up the Talus?

Sustentaculum Tali

True or False; the Sustentaculum Tali is on the Medial Side of the Foot

True

The Tendon of what Muscle runs between the two Sesamoid bones of the First Metatarsal?

Flexor Hallucis Longus

What muscle attempts to straighten the pull of the Flexor Digitorum Longus?

Quadratus Plantae

What artery branches under the Abductor Hallucis?

The Posterior Tibial Artery into the Medial Plantar Artery

The Third Layer of the Plantar Surface of the Foot is made up of what muscles?

Flexor Hallucis Brevis, Adductor Hallucis, Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis

The Fourth Layer of the Plantar Surface of the Foot is made up of what muscles?

Plantar and Dorsal Interossei

For Ad/Abduction of the Toes, what is the point of reference?

The Second Digit

Under the Foot, the Posterior Tibial Artery divides into what?

Lateral and Medial Plantar Arteries

Where does the Lateral Plantar Artery terminate?

It forms the Deep Plantar Arch and anastomoses with the Deep Plantar Artery of the Dorsal Pedis Artery

What nerves provide cutaneous innervation to the Plantar Surface of the foot?

Medial Plantar, Lateral Plantar, Medial Calcaneal Branches, Saphenous, Tibial, Sural Nerves

What three bones make up the Acetabulum?

Ilium, Ischium, Pubis

Is the Head of the Femur completely round?

No; It has a pit/fovea that serves as an attachment for the Ligament of the Head of Femur

The Head of the Femur is covered with ___ Cartilage

Hyaline / Articular

Is the Neck of the Femur a True or False Neck?

True Neck

What ligament inserts on the Intertrochanteric Line?

Iliofemoral Ligament

What ligament is considered the strongest in the body?

Iliofemoral Ligament (Y Ligament of Begelow)

True or False; Anterior-Superior dislocations are the most common in the Hip

False; Posterior-Inferior ligaments are most common - follow a rupture of the Ischiofemoral Ligament

What ligament can be found in the Notch of the Acetabulum?

Transverse Acetabular Ligament

Ligamentum Teres is another term for...

The Ligament of Head of the Femur

The Transverse Acetabular Ligament is directly connected to what other ligamentous structure?

Ligament of Head of the Femur / Ligamentum Teres

What motions does the Ligament of Head of the Femur restrict?

None; It is a weak ligament

What is the possible function of the Ligament of Head of the Femur?

Carry blood into joint / into the Head of the Femur

Blood Supply to Head of Femur

Medial and Lateral Circumflex Femoral Arteries

Medial + Lateral Circumflex Arteries

Branch from Deep Femoral Artery; Travel through joint / ligaments to provide blood to Head of Femur and Joint

Swelling in the Hip Joint may occlude the Medial/Lateral Circumflex Femoral Arteries, resulting in what condition?

Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head

The Foveolar Artery branches from the ___ Artery

Obturator Artery

If the Knee is Extended, Hip Flexion is limited by the...

Hamstrings

What limits Hip Extension?

Iliofemoral Ligament

Abduction of the Hip is limited by...

The Adductors

Adduction, External + Internal Rotation are all limited by what structure?

Joint Capsule

What is the biggest Sesamoid Bone in the body?

Patella

True or False; the Fibular Collateral Ligament is also known as the Lateral Collateral Ligament

True

The ACL prevents ___ Translation of the Tibia on the Femur

Anterior; (or Posterior Translation of the Femur on the Tibia)

The PCL prevents ___ Translation of the Tibia on the Femur

Posterior (or Anterior Translation of the Femur on the Tibia)

True or False; the Medial Meniscus is made up of Hyaline Cartilage

False; It is a Fibrocartilaginous structure

Medial Meniscus Function

Help glide movement of Femur on Tibia (or vice versa)

The Medial Collateral Ligament directly connects to what structure?

Medial Meniscus

On the Patella, the ___ (lateral/medial) Facet is wider, while the ___ (lateral/medial) Facet is deep

Lateral Facet is wider; Medial Facet is deeper

Which direction is the Patella most commonly dislocated?

Laterally

Housemaid's Knee is a common term for what condition?

Prepatellar Bursitis; Inflammation of the Subcutaneous pre-patellar Bursa

Coronary Ligaments of the Knee

Attach Meniscus to Tibia; Hold Meniscus in place

What muscle runs deep to the Lateral Collateral Ligament?

Popliteus

The Apex of the Patella points ___ (inferiorly/superiorly)

Inferiorly

The Anterior-Posterior distance on the ___ (lateral/medial) Condyle is greater when compared to the other side

Medial

Because the Anterior-Posterior distance of the Lateral Condyle is smaller than the Medial, it allows what mechanism to take place?

Screw-Home Mechanism

True or False; No Quadricep activity is required to continue standing once the Screw-Home Mechanism has locked in

True - UNLESS there is a pathological issue with the Popliteus

High Ankle Sprains occur when the Anterior and Posterior ___ Ligaments are damaged

Anterior and Posterior Tibiofibular Ligaments

Purpose of the Anterior/Posterior Tibiofibular Ligaments

Holds Tibia and Fibula together; Creates mortice of Talocrural Joint

What is the most sprained ligament in the body?

Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATFL)

What three ligaments make up the Lateral Collateral Ligament of the Ankle?

Posterior Talofibular, Calcaneofibular, Anterior Talofibular Ligaments

The Deltoid Ligament is made up of the...

Tibionavicular, Tibiocalcaneal, Anterior Tibiotalar, and Posterior Tibiotalar Ligaments

Is the Deltoid Ligament of the Ankle often sprained?

No

What ligament connects the Sustentaculum Tali to the Navicular?

Plantar Calcaneo-Navicular / Spring Ligament

Supination is a combination of what two motions?

Inversion and Plantarflexion

What type of joints are found between Phalanges of the Toes?

Hinge Joint

Metatarsophalangeal Joints are what type of joints?

Condyloid

The Plantar Calcaneocuboid / Short Plantar Ligament serves what purpose?

To stabilize the foot

The Tibial Nerve branches into what two Nerves in the foot?

Medial and Lateral Plantar Nerves