Nose and Sinus Clinical Practice

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering hypertrophy rhinitis, atrophy rhinitis, epistaxis types, nasal endoscopy procedures, and the differences between acute/chronic rhinitis and sinusitis.

Hypertrophy Rhinitis

A condition caused by nasal infection, chronic irritation of Mucosa, or chronic Sinusitis; symptoms include Nasal Obstruction, Discharge, headache, and Anusmia.

Anusmia/Anosmia

The loss of the sense of smell, listed as a symptom for both Hypertrophy Rhinitis and Atrophy Rhinitis (OZAENA).

Atrophy Rhinitis (OZAENA)

A condition of unknown cause (possibly involving hereditary factors, Endocrinal disturbances, or Nutrition deficiency) characterized by the atrophy of the mucosa and turbinate bone, foul smell, and Epistaxis.

Hormonal Rhinitis

A form of rhinitis that starts at puberty.

Rhinitis Medication Triggers

Common medications that can cause rhinitis include NSAID, $\beta$ Blocker, and Oral contraceptive.

Anterior Epistaxis

The most common type of nosebleed, often involving Kiesselbach's plexus (Little vessel) and occurring in children due to trauma; it is easily controlled by local pressure.

Posterior Epistaxis

A less common but severe nosebleed occurring in adults $> 40$ years old, often spontaneous due to HTA (hypertension), requiring hospitalization.

Kiesselbach's plexus

An area in the nose also referred to as Kasselbach's triangle or Little vessel, which is the site for the most common form of Epistaxis.

Endoscopy Preparation

Patient preparation involves placing cotton soaked in Xylocain $5\%$ with Naphazoline in both nasal cavities from the Vestibular to choanae for $5$ minutes.

Rigid Nasal Endoscope

A diagnostic tool used in angles of $0^\circ$, $30^\circ$, and $70^\circ$, typically in sizes of $2.7\,mm$ or $4\,mm$.

Endoscopy passage 2

The passage involving the Mid-Turbinate, Uncinate Process, Maxillary Ostium, and Ethmoidal Bulla.

Endoscopy passage 3

The passage involving the Sup-Turbinate, Sup-Meatus, Spheno-Ethmoidal Recess, Hiatus semilunaris, and Infundibulum.

Acute Rhinitis (Viral)

An infectious condition typically curing in $1$ week without antibiotics; causes include Adenoviruses, Rhinoviruses, and Human parainfluenza V.

Acute Rhinitis (Bacterial)

Occurs when viral symptoms continue for more than $1$ week; causative agents include Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae, or Catarrhalis.

Chronic Rhinitis

Nasal inflammation persisting for more than $12$ weeks, categorized into Allergy and Non-allergy types.

Seasonal (Intermittent) Allergy

A type of chronic rhinitis characterized by normal sleep, no impairment in daily activity or work, and no troublesome symptoms.

Perennial (Persistant) Allergy

A type of chronic rhinitis characterized by abnormal sleep, impairment of daily activity, and troublesome symptoms.

Vasomotor rhinitis

A non-allergic condition triggered by pollution, alcohol, spicy food, or medication, treated by avoiding triggering factors.

Acute Sinusitis

Inflammation of the mucous lining on the sinus lasting $1-30$ days, caused by common colds, bacteria, viruses, or infected teeth.

Chronic Sinusitis

Inflammation of the sinus mucous lining lasting more than $90$ days, often presenting with constant facial pain/pressure and nasal discharge.

Sinusitis Surgical Management

Treatment options include FESS (Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery) or the Caldwell-Luc procedure.