Paper 1 Terminology

Allusion

A reference to another work of literature, person, or event

Amplification

involves repeating a word or expression while adding more detail to it, in order to emphasize what might otherwise be passed over

Analogy

A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way

Anecdote

A brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event.

Antithesis

Direct contrast, places focus on the second object

Assonance

Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity

Asyndeton

omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words

Chiasmus

A statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed

Colloquialism

A word or phrase (including slang) used in everyday conversation and informal writing but that is often inappropriate in formal writing (y'all, ain't)

Diacope

Repetition of a word or phrase after an intervening word or phrase

Dialogue

Conversation between characters

Enumeration

listing items in order

Ethos

Ethical appeal

Logos

Appeal to logic

Pathos

Appeal to emotion

Hyperbole

exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.

Hypophora

raising a question then proceeding to answer it

Imagery

Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)

Irony

the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning

Litotes

A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite

Metaphor

A comparison without using like or as

Meiosis

A euphemism that intentionally understates the size or importance of the subject

Parallelism

Phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other

Tautology

needless repetition of an idea by using different but equivalent words; a redundancy

Tricolon

Sentence consisting of three parts of equal importance and length, usually three independent clauses.

Anaphora

the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses

Anadiplosis

Figure of repetition that occurs when the last word or terms in one sentence, clause, or phrase is/are repeated at or very near the beginning of the next sentence, clause, or phrase.

Epizeuxis

repetition of one word (for emphasis)

Mesodiplosis

Repetition of the same word or words in the middle of successive sentences.

Polysyndeton

Deliberate use of many conjunctions

Symploce

Repeating words at both the beginning and the ending of a phrase

Alliteration

Repetition of initial consonant sounds

Assonance

Repetition of vowel sounds

Consonance

Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.

Onomatopoeia

A word that imitates the sound it represents.

Rhyme

Repetition of sounds at the end of words

Minor sentence

Incomplete sentence which can be fully understood.

Simple sentence

A sentence consisting of one independent clause and no dependent clause

Compound sentence

a sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions

Complex sentence

A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause

Compound-complex sentence

at least one dependent clause and two or more independent clauses

Periodic sentence

A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end.

Declarative sentence

a sentence that makes a statement or declaration

Imperative sentence

A sentence that requests or commands.

Interrogative sentence

A sentence that asks a question

Exclamatory sentence

a sentence expressing strong feeling, usually punctuated with an exclamation mark

Passive sentence

subject receives the action of the verb.

"The cat was petted by Mark"

Active sentence

Subject performs the action of the verb.

Prosodic features

The stress, rhythm, and intonation along with tempo, loudness and voice quality of speech. (Represented by italic, bold, and underlined text)

Voiced plosives

b, d, g, v, z, zh, j, th (harsher sounding)

Voiceless plosives

p, t, k, ch (softer sounding)

Ellipsis

three periods (...) indicating the omission of words in a thought or quotation

Metonymy

A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it (the White House instead of the President)

Overstatement

the action of expressing or stating something too strongly; exaggeration.

Oxymoron

A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.

Paradox

A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.

Personification

A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes

Puns

a joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words that sound alike but have different meanings.

Simile

A comparison using "like" or "as"

Symbolism

A device in literature where an object represents an idea.

Understatement

the presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is.

Composition

The way visual elements are arranged

Dominance

Refers to one area of a work of art that is visually heavier

Content

The message or meaning of an artwork

Aesthetics

The artwork's visual attraction or beauty

Art criticism

An organised approach to evaluating artwork

Curved

Lines that bend and change direction gradually

Straight

Can be oriented to the horizontal, vertical, or diagonal axis of a surface

Vertical

Running straight up and down; upright. Conveys strength, stability, and security.

Horizontal

Going straight across from side to side. Conveys rest and repose.

Diagonal

Slanting in any direction but horizontal or vertical. Conveys energy and movement, but may also suggest instability.

Naturalistic

derived from real life or nature, or imitating it very closely

Geometric

having a form composed of one or a number of simple shapes, such as triangles, squares, or circles. Creates a sense of chaos, anger, and rigidity.

Negative space

empty spaces surrounding shapes and forms. Creates mystery.

Positive space

The area occupied by an object

Light

Highlights areas of a work.

Dark

Shades and shadows.

Warm colours

Red, orange, and yellow. Inviting and comforting, conveying heat and warmth.

Cold colours

Blue, green, purple. Calm, tranquil, and relaxing.

Chroma

How intense the colour is compared to its state on the colour wheel. High indicates strength and wildness, whereas low indicates weakness.

Unity

How different elements of an artwork function together.

Harmony

Creation of cohesiveness by stressing the similarities of different elements.

Balance

Distribution of the visual weight of objects and colours.

Rhythm

Refers to interval-repeating elements. Creates a tempo in the artworks and provides a path for the viewer.

Contrast

The different and arrangement of opposite effects.

Emphasis

Use of visual elements to draw attention to a certain area.

Proportion

Dimensions of a composition and relations between height, width, and depth.

Iconic

A direct representation of something

Symbolic

An image of something we associate with the referent.

Ambient advertising

advertising placed where advertising isn't normally or hasn't ever been seen

Billboard

a large sign, usually outdoors, used for advertising

Guerilla advertising

advertising that uses unorthodox tactics

Spoof advertising

A fictional advertisement for a non-existent product, used to draw negative attention towards the subject.

Shock advertising

Advertising designed to startle people so as to get their attention.

Public service announcement

A type of advertisement intended to raise awareness about an issue and encourage people to change their behavior

Product placement

Putting products into TV shows and movies where they will be seen

Celebrity endorsement

Using famous individuals to promote products.

Problem and benefit

In advertising, the technique of identifying an issue and offering a solution

Bandwagon effect

When people join a cause because it seems popular or support a candidate who is leading in the polls

Testimonial

Attempts to persuade the reader by using a famous person to endorse a product or idea