Biology Quiz #5

Crowded

Describes the experience at Pali South facility.

Blue Color

Rarest color in nature, recently discovered.

Stressors

Factors causing anxiety: school, crushes, grades.

Stress Relief

Methods to alleviate stress: music, crochet.

Teacher Shortage Causes

Low salaries, insufficient support, challenging students.

Cortisol

Hormone released by adrenal glands during stress.

Cortisol Effects

High levels linked to depression and brain toxicity.

Hypothalamus Function

Releases corticotropin-releasing factor during stress.

Pituitary Gland Role

Stores and releases hormones like ACTH.

ACTH

Stimulates adrenal glands to release cortisol.

Nervous System Response

Involuntary reactions include perspiration and increased heart rate.

Neurons

Cells that transmit nerve impulses for communication.

Synapse

Gap where neurotransmitters are released between neurons.

Autonomic Nervous System

Controls involuntary body functions like heart rate.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Promotes 'rest and digest' activities.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Triggers 'fight or flight' response.

Somatic Nervous System

Controls voluntary muscle movements.

Reflexes

Involuntary responses to stimuli.

Reflex Arc Pathway

Sequence: receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector.

Peripheral Nervous System

Nerves extending from brain and spinal cord.

Cranial Nerves

12 pairs of nerves originating from the brain.

Spinal Nerves

31 pairs of nerves extending from the spinal cord.

Endocrine System

Glands transmitting hormones through the circulatory system.

Exocrine Glands

Glands with ducts, like sweat glands.

Endocrine Glands

Glands that secrete hormones directly into blood.

Thyroid Gland

Regulates metabolism via thyroxine secretion.

Thyroxine

Hormone that regulates metabolic processes.

Hyperthyroidism

Overproduction of thyroid hormones causing symptoms.

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

Includes hyperactivity, weight loss, and high heart rate.

Hypothyroidism

Deficiency of thyroid hormones leading to lethargy.

Symptoms of Hypothyroidism

Includes weight gain and low body temperature.

Parathyroid Glands

Regulate calcium and phosphate levels in blood.

Parathyroid Hormone

Hormone essential for bone growth and nerve activity.

Gonads

Reproductive glands producing gametes and hormones.

Estrogen

Hormone produced by female gonads.

Testosterone

Hormone produced by male gonads.

Adrenal Glands

Located atop kidneys, involved in stress response.

Adrenal Medulla

Secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline during stress.

Adrenal Cortex

Produces cortisol, regulating metabolism phases.

Cortisol

Hormone managing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism.

Hypothalamus

Regulates homeostasis and hormone balance.

Pituitary Gland

Master gland controlling growth and endocrine activity.

Circadian Rhythms

Biological processes regulating sleep-wake cycles.

Pineal Gland

Produces melatonin, important for sleep regulation.

Endemic Disease

Regularly occurs in specific areas.

Pandemic Disease

Global outbreak causing widespread illness.

Screen Time Reduction

Strategies to limit digital device usage.

Coping Strategies

Methods to manage stress and improve well-being.

Anxiety

Increased worry and fear affecting daily life.

Depression

Persistent sadness and loss of interest.

Sleep Deprivation

Insufficient sleep negatively impacting health.

Central Nervous System

Brain and spinal cord controlling body functions.

Immune System

Body's defense against pathogens and diseases.

Endocrine System

Hormone-producing glands regulating bodily functions.

Homeostasis

Balance of physiological processes in the body.

Glucagon

Hormone that raises blood sugar levels.

Insulin

Hormone that lowers blood sugar levels.

Chemical Messengers

Substances transmitting signals between cells.

Hormones

Chemical substances regulating various body functions.

Cascades

Amplified chemical reactions triggered by stimuli.

Nervous System

Fast information delivery via electrical impulses.

Gland

Organ producing and releasing hormones.

Pituitary Gland

Master gland controlling other endocrine glands.

Target Cells

Cells with specific receptors for hormones.

Thyroxine (T4)

Hormone regulating metabolism and energy levels.

Water-Soluble Hormones

Peptides and amines binding to cell membrane receptors.

Lipid-Soluble Hormones

Steroid hormones passing through cell membranes.

HPA Axis

Regulates stress response and various body functions.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Controls fight or flight response.

Fight or Flight Response

Automatic reaction to perceived danger.

Dopamine

Hormone associated with pleasure and reward.