Reptiles external morphology (Bolded)

Scute

Scale alternative for turtle

Anapsid

Synapsid

Diapsid

Top to bottom skull type

Carapace

Endochondral ribs and vertebrae

Top shell of a turtle and where it’s fused

Plastron

remaining elements of pectoral girdle

bottom shell of turtle and where what it incorperates

Scutes

Bone of carapace except close to neck

thin bone surrounding edge

In leatherback turtles: what is lost (2), what has plastron ones become

Manus, antebrachium, brachium, pes, shank, thigh FINISH NICE RIGHT OK

tetrapod limb divisions

Claws

Specialization of the epidermis in all higher vertebrates

Anus opens beyond end of carapace

Front foot claws longer than on hind foot vs even

Plastron slight to concave vs convex

Differentiating a male vs female turtle 3 external ways

4: Maxilla

3: Jugal

Contribute to lateral floor of the orbit

Articulate with the Palatine (31)

4, 3, what they do, what they articulate with

Postorbital forms dorsocaudal edge of orbit

58 and function

Orbit

Term denoting the eye socket in the skull

Quadrate, most of the inner wall of the tympanic cavity, sutured to squamosal (65)

Pterygoid, forms part of floor of middle ear cavity

Quadratojugal, jugal (3)

6, what it forms, what it’s sutured to

36, what it forms

7, what it forms it is caudal to what

Quadrate (6) and Articular (13)

What forms the jaw suspension

Dentary

Coronoid

Surangular

Splenial

Angular

Articular

15

14

18

17

12

13

Palatal

View given

Premaxilla (5), Maxilla (4), palatine (31)

Bones that form the secondary palate in green sea turtle

Basisphenoid

Pterygoid: Forms much of palate caudal to Choanae

20

36 what it forms

Choanae

Internal opening of nasal cavity

(caudal) Foramen magnum: Spinal cord enters it

Dorsal formed by supraoccipital (66)

44 and what it does, what forms its dorsal margin

Exoccipitals (43) laterally and basioccipital (42) in other directions

What surrounds the foramen mangum

Humerus and femur

Move on horizontal plane when walking to maximize stability over speed

129 and 153 and their uniqueness in turtles and why

Acromion, connects scapula (144) to plastron via ligament

118, what it does

125 what it forms

129, what it articulates with

Humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpal

Separate articulations w/ carpals

129, 143, 150, 136

How 143 and 150 connect to 120

Claw on phalynx, first on reptiles

136 what it is attached to, which species it first appears

Pectoralis group, originates on plastron, inserts on had of humerus, draws humerus toward the body (retracts and abducts)

Latissimus Dorsi: originates on the ventral carapace and scapula, insnerts on humerus, pulls forelimb dorsally and anteriorly

M-95, origin and insertion, function

M-78, origin and insertion, function

157 - ilium: connects pelvic girdle to axial skeleton

ishium

femur

pubis

Pubioschiadic fenestra

157 function

160

153

167 and its cartilage extension

168

Tarsals, fully

Metatarsal

169, Are they ossified?

163

On top

Crocodilian nare modification

Surangular (18) above

Angular (12) below

Dentary (15) anteriorly

What bounds the fenestra above, below, and anteriorly

Articular (13)

What is dorsal, caudal, and medial to the angular, more visible in back view

Coronoid (14) forms anteromedial border of lateral fenestra

Ectyopterygoid (36) sutured to anterior edge of pterygoid flange (written) which is distinctive feature of crocodilians

14 and what it forms

36 and what it’s sutured to and why it’s important

Jaw articulates b/w articular (13) and surangular (18) of lower jaw and quadrate (6) of upper jaw

Retroarticular process (!6)

How the jaw articulates in crocodilians

Lower jaw projection

Vomer, separates two halves of the nasal cavity

39, function

Palatine (31) articulates w/ maxilla (4) anterior, pterygoid (36) posteriorly

Choanae

31 and what it articulates with, what are holes in 36 called

Neck articulation

Exoccipitals, occipital condyle

43, 50, function

Cervicle, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

Cranial to caudal the vertebrae of crocodilia

Ilium (157), pubis (not visible), ischium (160)

Parts of the pelvic girdle

Floating dermal ribs, gastralia

Type of ribs and other name in crocodilia

Flat

Concave

Round

Pointed

Types of tail in following

Swallow

grouse

hawk

gull

Upper: Premaxilla (5)

Lower: Dentary (15)

Cere, fleshy covering

What forms upper and lower beak

Nares covered by what?

Sclerotic ring

Structure in bird orbit that supports but limits movement

Jugal (3)

Thin bar

Between articular (13) and quadrate (6)

Location of jaw suspension

Atlas articulating with Occipital condyle (50)

Multifidid cervices: complex group of small muscles for neck flexibility

What allows head movement

Humerus (129)

Radius (143)

Ulna (150)

Carpometacarpus (fusion of two carpals)

Phalanges (139)

Bones that make up the wing

Scapula (144)

Coracoids (125) link scapula to sternum

Clavicles (122) left and right fused into V called Furcula, attached to sternum

prevent collapse of chest cavity during wing beats

Pectoral girdle bones and modification of 122

Function of 125

Pectoralis (95) powers downstroke by adduction of humerus (129). Origin on furcula and keel of sternum, inserts on ventral surface of humerus (129)

Supracoracoides (underlying, not shown), powers upstroke, smaller. Originates on sternum, inserts on dorsal of humerus.

Stability

Two main flight muscles, origin and insertion, function

Coracoid function

Biceps brachii

Articulation of the elbow via the humerus (129), radius (143), and ulna (150)

Muscle that folds wing during flight and it’s articulation

Originates on dorsal, inserts on ventral ribs (116) and scapula (144)

Support rib cage and thus pectoral girdle, movement in respiration

Serratus anterior origin and insertion, function

Pygostyle

Fused vertebrae of the tail

Levator and Depressor caudae

Both originate on pelvis, insert on caudal vertebrae

Two muscles for tail steering in flight and origin and insertion

Ilium (157)

Ischium (160)

Pubis (167)

Parts of the pelvis

Tibiotarsus

Fusion in birds of tibia

Tarsometatarsus

In birds, fusion of 2nd 3rd and 4th metatarsals

Iliotibais, originates on anterior ilium (157), inserts on patella ligament

Peroneus longii

Gastrocnemius

Muscle that extends tibiotarsus, origin and insertion

Muscle that flexes digits

Muscle that extends foot

Dewlap, unfolded by special muscles

Intraspecies communication, predator deterence

Fold of skin on hyoid of some lizards, function

Quadrate attached to tympanum for transmitting sound

Lower bar of inferior temporal fenestra lost for quadrate mobility

One modification of a lizard quadrate for the body and one body modification for the quadrate

Coronoid, process for muscle attachment

Articular (13) with quadrate (6)

Retroarticular process (16)

14 and what it forms

What two form the jaw joint

projection of 6

Streptostyly

Increases gape size, keeps jaws parallel for biting, maintains tympanum tension

Phenomenon where when the lower jaw drops the quadrate swings forward, snout rotates downwards around a joint with the skull roof, function

Vomer (39)

Palatine (31), articulates vomer (39) anteriorly, pterygoid (36) anteriorly

What forms anterior palate

What forms much of the floor of the orbit and what it articulates with

Basioccipital (42) forms lower border of foramen magnum (44)

Basioccipital (42) and exoccipitals (43) make occipital condyle

42 and function

What makes 50

Both temporal arches

Quadrate

What is lost in snake skull

6

Elongated quadrate (6) and pterygoids (36)

Maxilla (4), palatine (31), pterygoid (36)

Feeding adaptations

Which bones bear teeth