Modern States CLEP Biology

Terms to Review

Covalent Bond

Bond that shares atoms between elements. Nonpolar = sharing is equal, Polar = sharing is unequal (makes poles)

Ionic

Bond where an electron is stolenfrom one atom to another, resulting in attraction between oppositely charged ions.

acids vs base effect on H+ in water

Acids increase H+ concentration in water, while bases decrease it by increasing OH- concentration.

Organic Molecule

Any molecule containing carbon

Monomer Vs Polymer

1 vs multiple organic molecules

Carbohydrate Mono/Poly

C,O,H, mono/polysaccharides (sugar)

Lipids

Hydrophobic Properties, useful in energy storage and cell membrane structure.

Proteins

Mono: Amino Acids, Poly: Polypeptides. Peptide Bond holds amino acids together

Nucleic Acids

_{Polymers made up of nucleotides. Either deoxyribonucleic (DNA) or ribonucleic (RNA). Function is memory storage}

nucleotides

Made up of 1 Nitrogen Base (A, T, U, C, or G), 1 Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), and 1 Phosphate Group. U pairs with A if in RNA, T if DNA. Bonded w hydrogen bonds

Organelle

structure within a cell

cell

smallest matter than can be living (single/multicellular)

cell membrane

(lipid) surrounding cells in both plants and animal cells

nucleus

stores DNA, and has nucleolus

nucleolus

makes RNA and Ribosomes

Ribosomes

Protein factories that use DNA as blueprints, made using RNA and protein

Endoplasmic reticulum

Makes lipids, detoxes cell, makes secretory proteins (on the rough side of the ER)

Golgi Apparatus

Shipping/Recieving in/out of cell

Mitochondria

Sugars → adenosphine triphosphate (energy) using cell respiration

Chloroplasts

energy thru photosynthesis

similar parts of chloroplasts and mitochondria

both are involved in energy conversion, containing their own DNA and double membranes.

cell wall

rigid wall found in plant cells, fungi, and some bacteria