Grade 8 Social Studies Final Exam Study Guide

Flashcards for 8th Grade Social Studies Final Exam Review

Primary Source

An original object or document from a historical period.

Secondary Source

Sources that analyze or interpret a historical event.

Declaration of Independence

Document written by Thomas Jefferson.

U.S. Constitution: Preamble

We the people…

Bill of Rights

Amendments 1-10 of the U.S. Constitution.

Amendments 11-27

Changes to the U.S. Constitution (Amendments 11-27).

Article 1 - Legislative Branch

Branch of government that makes laws (Senate/House of Representatives).

Number of Senators

100

Number of House of Representatives

435

Number of Senators per State

2

Minimum age to be in the House

25

Minimum age to be in the Senate

30

Article 2 - Executive Branch

Branch of government that enforces laws and makes foreign policy.

Executive Branch Members

President, Vice President, and Cabinet members.

Minimum age to be President

35

Article 3 - Judicial Branch

Branch of government that interprets laws.

Supreme Court

9 justices who serve for life.

Checks and Balances

System where each branch of government has a check on the other two.

1st Amendment

No law can prohibit the freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.

4th Amendment

Requires a search warrant.

Westward Expansion

Movement of settlers to the west in 1862.

Manifest Destiny

Belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

Reservations

Native Americans were removed from their land and put on these.

Carlisle Indian School

Native American children were taken from their families and sent to these to immerse them in white society.

Gilded Age

Period when corruption existed in society but was overshadowed by wealth.

Inventions during Industrialization

Telephone, camera, telegraph, assembly line, airplane

Carnegie

Steel industry leader.

Rockefeller

Oil industry leader.

Morgan

Banks industry leader.

Shirtwaist Triangle Fire (1911)

Fire in NYC factory that resulted in 146 deaths and led to fire safety codes.

Push Factors of Immigration

Conditions that drive people from their homes.

Pull Factors of Immigration

Conditions that attract immigrants to a new area.

Ellis Island

East Coast immigration entry point.

Statue of Liberty

Immigrants from overseas were greeted by this.

Angel Island

West Coast immigration entry point.

Old Immigrants

Immigrants from Northern and Western Europe.

New Immigrants

Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe.

Progressive Era

Period from 1890-1917 that aimed to solve problems from the Gilded Age.

City Sanitation

Made sewer systems, hired men to pick up garbage

16th Amendment

Collect income tax

Corruption in Government solutions

Charge politicians with crimes

Environmental Solutions

Make national parks, stop companies from polluting.

Consumer Problem Solutions

Companies label their products

Sherman Antitrust Act

Forbid monopolies

Solution to Alcohol Problems

Prohibition - 18th Amendment

5th Amendment

Right to remain silent, must be told what you are being arrested for.

6th Amendment

Right to a speedy trial, right to a lawyer.

Reconstruction (1865-1877)

Attempt to rebuild the South after the Civil War.

Freedmen

Men and women who had been slaves but were freed with the 13th Amendment

Freedman's Bureau

Helped freedmen find work and provided education

Lincoln's 10% Plan

South must abolish slavery

Black Codes

Laws passed by Southern Legislatures during Reconstruction that restricted the freedoms of former slaves.

13th Amendment

Abolish slavery

14th Amendment

Made all former slaves citizens of US

15th Amendment

African American men can vote

Poll Tax

Had to pay to vote

Literacy Test

Had to read to vote.

Grandfather Clause

If your grandfather could vote before 1867 you could vote.

Ku Klux Klan

Began in Pulaski, Tennessee by Former Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest

Ku Klux Klan goals

Return the South to White Rule

Ku Klux Klan goals

Promote White Supremacy

Ku Klux Klan goals

Promote Protestant Christianity

Jim Crow Laws

Laws passed by Southern Legislators to enforce segregation during Reconstruction and lasted until the 1960's.

19th Amendment

Women's Rights

Labor Rights

End child labor, safe working conditions

Muckrakers

People who exposed problems during the Gilded age

Jacob Riis

Took pictures of tenements.

Upton Sinclair

Wrote The Jungle

The Jungle

revealing the unsanitary process by which animals became meat products

Pure Food and Drug and Meat Inspection Act

Passed in 1906 after The Jungle

Nellie Bly

Pen name of American female journalist Elizabeth Jane Cochran

Ten Days in a Mad-House

Nelly faked insanity to study a mental institution from within

Ida Tarbell

Wrote book called "The History of the Standard Oil Company"

Ida Tarbell

Exposed the illegal means used by John D. Rockefeller to monopolize the oil industry

Women Suffrage Cause

Women have a political opinion

Women Suffrage Cause

Women can think and act for themselves

Susan B. Anthony

Fought for the right to vote