Thẻ ghi nhớ: UNIT 17: INTERNATIONAL TRADE | Quizlet

International Trade

Purchase, Sale or Exchange of Goods and Services across National Borders

Free market

- a trade policy that does not restrict imports or exports. It can also be understood as a free market idea applied to international trade.

-[or] a largely theoretical policy under which governments impose absolutely no tariffs, taxes, or duties on imports, or quotas on exports. In this sense, free trade is the opposite of protectionism, a defensive trade policy intended to eliminate the possibility of foreign competition.

protectionism

the economic policy of restraining trade between nations, through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, and a variety of other restrictive government regulations designed to discourage imports, and prevent foreign take-over of local markets and companies.

take over

chiếm lĩnh, thâu tóm

trade barriers

Government laws, regulations, policies or practices that either protect domestic products from foreign competition or artificially stimulate exports of particular domestic products.

tariff

A duty (or tax levied upon goods transported from one Customs area to another, for either protective or revenue purposes. Tariffs raise the prices of imported goods, thus making them generally less competitive within the market of the importing country, unless that country does not produce the items so tariffed.

quota - hạn ngạch

Restriction on the amount (measured in units or weight) of a good that can enter or leave a country during a certain period of time.

absolute advantage

Ability of a nation to produce a good

more efficiently than any other nation.

Absolute advantage can be achieved by exploiting lower labor costs, access to a supply of resources, and a large pool of available capital.

Absolute advantage is accomplished by creating a good or service at a lower absolute cost per unit using fewer inputs or a more efficient process.

customs duties

thuế hải quan

excise duties

thuế tiêu thụ đặc biệt (rượu, bia,thuốc lá,..)

comparative advantage

Inability of a nation to produce a good more efficiently than other nations, but an ability to produce that good more efficiently than it does any other good.

Comparative advantage occurs when a country can produce a good at a lower relative opportunity cost compared to another country.

Even if a country does not have an absolute advantage, it can still benefit from trade by specializing in goods where it has a comparative advantage

An infant industry

a new industry, which in its early stages experiences relative difficulty or is absolutely incapable of competing with established competitors abroad.

a strategic industry

an industry which is essential for the promotion or stabilization of the growth of the locality in which that industry is situated.

semiconductor industry

Ngành bán dẫn

inferior

kém hơn, chất lượng thấp hơn; thua kém so với chuẩn hoặc đối tượng so sánh.

for the time being

trong lúc này; tạm thời (cho đến khi điều gì đó thay đổi).

in the meantime

trong lúc đó; đồng thời; trong khoảng thời gian giữa hai sự kiện

eventually

cuối cùng

be better off

trở nên tốt hơn, có lợi hơn, trong điều kiện thuận lợi hơn (về kinh tế hoặc đời sống).

sth is part of the deal

là một phần tự nhiên của quá trình

Copyright

Bản quyền

Dumping

Bán phá giá (bán hàng hóa ra nước ngoài với giá rất rẻ)

Generic

Hàng không thương hiệu / hàng chung / hàng nhái giá rẻ

Trademark

Nhãn hiệu

propose

đề xuất, đề nghị

oppose

phản đối

Balance of Payments - BOP

Cán cân thanh toán --> the difference between a country's total earnings from exports and its total expenditure on imports

deficit

thâm hụt, a negative balance of trade or payments

surplus

thặng dư, a positive balance of trade or payment

Retaliate against

trả đũa, trả thù, đáp trả lại ai đó vì họ đã làm điều gì gây hại trước đó.

restriction

hạn ché

Economies of scale

lợi thế kinh tế theo quy mô xảy ra khi quy mô sản xuất tăng lên → chi phí sản xuất bình quân cho mỗi sản phẩm giảm xuống.

GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)

Hiệp định giảm thuế quan, thúc đẩy thương mại quốc tế

Most-Favoured-Nation - MFN

Đối xử thương mại bình đẳng → ưu đãi cho 1 nước = ưu đãi cho tất cả.

specify

chỉ rõ, ghi rõ, nêu cụ thể, định rõ

grant

cấp, ban, trao

supersede

thay thế cái gì đó cũ hơn bằng cái mới hơn, tốt hơn, hoặc hợp pháp hơn.

counteract

chống lại, khắc phục

commodity

àng hóa cơ bản, sản phẩm tiêu dùng hoặc nguyên liệu thô mà được trao đổi trên thị trường, đặc biệt là những sản phẩm đồng nhất, có thể thay thế lẫn nhau

homogeneous

đồng nhất, cùng loại, giống nhau về tính chất hoặc bản chất

let alone + v bare

chứ chưa nói đến việc

interest

lãi

principal

tiền gốc

Roll over debt (đảo nợ - gia hạn khoản nợ)

When a country cannot pay its maturing principal, it borrows new funds from the same lenders to pay off old debt.

It helps avoid short-term default and maintain creditworthiness, but does not reduce the total debt burden, only postpones repayment.

Restructure debt (cơ cấu lại nợ - hoãn trả nợ)

The country renegotiates the terms of repayment, interest rates, or part of the principal.

Reduces short-term liquidity pressure, allowing the government to spend on other economic priorities without immediate debt pressure.

liquidity

khả năng có đủ tiền mặt để chi trả các khoản nợ ngắn hạn.

IMF = International Monetary Fund

an international financial organization with goals:

- Ensuring global monetary stability

- Supporting countries facing liquidity problems or public debt crises

- Promoting international economic cooperation and free trade

be excluded from

bị loại khỏi

liberalize

tự do hóa, nới lỏng các quy định, hạn chế, đặc biệt trong kinh tế, chính trị hoặc thương mại

embargo (lệnh cấm vận)

A type of trade protectionist measure banning the trade of a certain good, or banning trade with a particular country.

Barriers to trade → rào cản thương mại

Obstructions to free trade, imposed by a government to safeguard national interests by reducing the competitiveness of foreign firms.

Globalization

The process by which the world's economies become increasingly interdependent and interconnected.

A multinational corporation (MNC)

An organization that operates in two or more countries.

Incoterms

state the responsibilities of buyer and seller in relation to marine transportation, not just the shipping costs, but all other associated costs such as insurance, customs duties, and ground handling.

ground handling

bốc dỡ hàng hóa

Premises

Cơ sở, khuôn viên

terminal

Nhà ga; cảng trung chuyển

Freight

Hàng hóa vận chuyển; cước vận chuyển

Transit

Sự quá cảnh; vận chuyển qua

EXW (Ex Works)

the seller makes the goods available at their own premises (such as a factory or warehouse) and

and buyer collects them there and bears all costs, risks, and responsibilities from that point onward.

FAS (Free Alongside Ship)

the seller delivers the goods to the dock and places them alongside the ship at the port of shipment, and from that point all risks and costs transfer to the buyer

dock

bến tàu

Free On Board

The seller delivers the goods on board the ship at the port of shipment; the buyer is responsible from that point onward.

CFR (cost and freight)

The seller pays the cost and freight to the port of destination, but the buyer bears the risk once the goods are on the ship. (no insurance from seller)

CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight)

The seller pays the cost, freight to the port of destination, and insurance during the sea voyage, but the buyer bears the risk once the goods are on the ship.

customs broker

môi giới hải quan

customs clearance procedures

thủ tục thông quan

DDP (Delivered Duty Paid)

The seller delivers the goods to the buyer's premises and pays all costs, including duties and taxes.

--> The buyer has zero responsibility until the goods arrive.

visible trade / merchandise trade

trade goods

invisible imports and exports

Trade in services (banking, insurance, tourism, and so on)

Barter or counter-trade

(Trao đổi hàng hóa/ Buôn bán đối lưu)

Direct exchanges of goods, without the use of money

balance of trade

the difference between what a country receives and pays for its exports and imports of goods

Autarky (tự cung tự cấp)

the (impossible) situation in which a country is completely self-sufficient and has no foreign trade

outsourcing

Nhờ công ty khác làm một phần công việc để tiết kiệm thời gian, chi phí. Có thể trong nước hoặc nước ngoài.

Offshoring

Chuyển công việc hoặc sản xuất sang nước khác (thường lao động rẻ hơn).