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Louis Sullivan
United States architect known for his steel framed skyscrapers and for coining the phrase 'form follows function' (1856-1924). Built the U.S.'s first skyscrapers in Chicago.
Theodore Drier's Sister Carrie
novel about heroine Carrie Meeber who escapes from rural boredom to Chicago just before the turn of the century. A work that exemplifies the dawning of consumerism in the U.S. It is the spectacle of the city's dazzling department stores that awakens her fateful yearning for a richer, more elegant way of life.
Boss Tweed
William Tweed, the boss of Tammany hall the political machine of New York. A notorious fraudster who stole millions in public funds during his time in office. Later arrested and died penniless. It was his projects that help build New York into the city it is today.
Walter Rauschenbusch
New York clergyman, leader of a German Baptist church, who preached the social gospel, worked to alleviate poverty, and worked to make peace between employers and labor unions.
Social Gospel
Christian faith practiced as a call not just to personal conversion but to social reform. The Sermon on the mount was social science and instructions for how to organize our societies.
Jane Addams
the founder of Hull House one of the first Settlement homes for immigrants, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes. A part of the first generation of college educated women.
Florence Kelley
An advocate for improving the lives of women and children. (Social Welfare). She was appointed chief inspector of factories in Illinois. She helped win passage of the Illinois factory act in 1893 which prohibited child labor and limited women's working hours. Worked in Settlement homes her whole life.
Nativism
A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones. Anti-immigration.
American Protective Association
Nativist organization that attacked "New Immigrants" and Roman Catholicism in the 1880s and 1890s. An anti-Catholic and immigrant organization that tried to preserve America's protestant culture by undermining catholic candidates and traditions.
Dwight Lyman Moody
Part of the social gospel movement, proclaimed the gospel of kindness and forgiveness and adapted the old-time religion to the facts of city life and founded an institute in 1889. A skilled revivalist who captivated audiences with messages of forgiveness.
Mary Baker Eddy
Founded the Church of Christian Scientists and set forth the basic doctrine of Christian Science. Wrote science and Health with Key to the Scriptures. Prayer held out hope for disease and poverty.
Normal Schools
Schools that prepared men and women with the necessary skills to become teachers. Teacher training schools. Exploded in quantity after the civil war.
Chautauqua movement
One of the first adult education programs. Started in 1874 as a summer training program for Sunday School teachers, it developed into a travelling lecture series and adult summer school which traversed the country providing religious and secular education though lectures and classes.
Booker T. Washington
African American progressive who believed education was the black path to social and economic equality. Opened the Tuskegee institute train aspiring African Americans.
W.E.B. DuBois
1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910. Did not accept gradualism.
NAACP 1909
Organization which emerged in the early 20th century with the intention of bringing about rapid change and improvement to the rights of African Americans.
Morrill Act
(1862) Federal law that gave land to western states to build colleges. 100's of state colleges were founded, making higher education available for more.
Hatch Act
An exstention of the morril act which granted land to states for agricultural experimentation.
William James
One of the founders of modern behavioral psychology in America. Looked at the philosophy and psychology of religions. Proclaimed that America's greatest contribution to the world of philosophy was pragmaticism.
Carnegie libraries
Carnegie used his wealth to help found over a thousand libraries to provide poor everywhere with access to books.
Joseph Pulitzer
United States newspaper publisher (born in Hungary) who established the Pulitzer Prizes (1847-1911). Innovated with the technique of sectionalism in newspapers.
Yellow journalism
Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations. The nick name given to Pulitzer's newspaper for its use of colored comics on yellow paper.
William Randolph Hearst
United States newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism (1863-1951)
Henry George
He wrote Progress and Poverty in 1879, which made him famous as an opponent of the evils of modern capitalism. Radically advocated for a single tax on the profits of land speculation to stop landowners from for ever getting richer.
Edward Bellamy
In 1888, he wrote Looking Backward, 2000-1887, a description of a utopian society in the year 2000. A socialist utopian thinker.
Gen. Lewis Wallace
Civil War General who Wrote Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ to counter Darwin's theory of evelution with faith in Christ and sold 2 million copies.
Horatio Alger
Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work. Gave up his pulpit to write novels with moral lessons.
Mark Twain
Another famous writer. Wrote Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. Pioneered a new brand of American Literature with heavy use of the current vernacular.
William Dean Howell
was a realist writer who seriously considered the problems of industrialization and unequal wealth in the novels The Rise of Silas Lapham (1885), and A Hazard of New Fortunes (1890). Produced over 100 works and was a newspaper editor.
Henry James
American writer who lived in England. Wrote numerous novels around the theme of the conflict between American innocence and European sophistication/corruption, with an emphasis on the psychological motivations of the characters. Famous for his novel Washington Square and his short story "The Turn of the Screw."
Frank Norris
Muckraker during the Progressive Era; wrote "The Octopus" (1901) that described the power of the railroads over Western farmers.
Victoria Woodhull
Radical feminist propagandist whose eloquent attacks on conventional social morality shocked many Americans in the 1870s.
Anthony Comstock
Persuaded Congress in 1873 to pass the "Comstock Law" which prohibited the mailing or transportation of obscene and lewd material and photographs.
Ida B. Wells
African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores.
Women's Christian Temperance Union
Women's organization founded by reformer Frances Willard and others to oppose alcohol consumption.
Frances Willard
Became leader of the WCTU. She worked to educate people about the evils of alcohol. She urged laws banning the sale of liquor. Also worked to outlaw saloons as step towards strengthening democracy.
Carrie A. Nation
Founded WCTU to outlaw selling/drinking alcohol. She was married to an abusive man that she killed with an axe, and she didn't get punished for it. She formed a group that walked into bars with axes.
Clara Barton
Nurse during the Civil War; founder of the American Red Cross.
Phineas T. Barnum
an American showman who is best remembered for his entertaining hoaxes and for founding the circus. Might remember him from "The Greatest Showman."
James Naismith
United States educator (born in Canada) who invented the game of basketball (1861-1939).
Freedmen's Bureau, 1865-1872
The organization founded by Oliver O. Howard to provide Freed slaves and white refugees in the south with education, food, clothing, and health care. Saw its greatest successes in education but was used corruptly.
General Oliver O. Howard
The founder of the Freedmen’s Bureau. A union general who would go on to found DC’s howard college. Warmly sympathetic towards blacks.
Andrew Johnson
The grossly incompetent president who led the Union through reconstruction. A democrat who had the trust of neither the south nor republicans. Repeatedly vetoed efforts by the republican party and was a notable white supremacist.
Lincoln's 10 percent plan, 1863
Lincoln’s plan to readmit a confederate state if ten percent of its population swore loyalty to the union and to emancipation.
Wade Davis Bill, 1864
A much stronger set of condition proposed by congress for the readmittance of southern states to the union which required 50% of the population to swear loyalty as well as demands for stronger guards for emancipation. Vetoed by Lincoln
Johnson's reconstruction plan, May 1865
The similar plan to lincoln’s reconstruction plan proposed by Johnson which required states to convene to repeal secession, repudiate debts, and ratify the 13th amendment before they could apply. it also disenfranchised all southerners with more than 20k in property but they could write personal appeals to get their right to vote back.
Black Codes
Sets of laws similar to the slave codes which oppressed blacks in the south to maintain the old social order of the south. Varied from state to state but universally prevented Blacks from voting. owning land and serving on juries was restricted.
Sharecropping System
A new system of labor which kept blacks and some whites a part of a class of subservient workers. Blacks could be employed for 1 year labor contracts which they couldnt break, during which they would earn very low wages.
Civil Rights Bill, 1866
The bill passed by the republican congress which would universally grant Blacks U.S. citizenship. Would be vetoed by Johnson.
Fourteenth Amendment
The amendment which had 4 parts. 1). ensure the civil rights of Blacks primarily citizenship and the franchise. 2). States would lose congressional representation if their black population could not vote.
Congressional Election of 1866
The election in which republicans won a super majority in both houses of Congress to oppose Andrew Johnson.
Senator Charles Sumner
The leader of the Radical sectt of the Republican party. had long fought for the freedom and then equality of Blacks in the U.S.
Representative Thaddeus Stevens
The most radical of the radical republicans. A devoted friend of Blacks who defended run away slaves for no charge in courts prior to the war. Hated the rebellious whites. A master politician with an odd appearance and razor sharp mind.
Military Reconstruction Act, 1867
The act which broke the south up into 5 millitary districts to be overseen by union generals and policed by union soldiers. Used to maintain the newly acquired freedom for the Blacks.
Ex Parte Mulligan, 1866
The supreme court case which ruled that a military tribunal could not try a citizen during peace time when the courts where still operational.
Redeemers
The southerners that would then be elected after the millitary governments left the southern states. They would be democrats who would work to restore the old southern social order.
Scalawags
The derogatory term used for unionist southerners who were accused of using their influence in the new governments for their own personal gain.
CarpetBaggers
The derogatory term for northerners’ who picked their wealth from the north and carried it south to make new fortunes and gain power.
Ku Klux Klan
An organization of White Supremacists who worked to scare or out force black families who were seeing success out of town. Worked to keep Blacks down in the south, frequently killing blacks in racially motivated crimes.
Force Act, 1870-71
The Congressional response to the Klan. The attempt to use federal troops to stamp out racial violence in the south.
Disenfranchisement
The revocation of an individual’s right to vote
Tenure of Office Act, 1867
The act passed by congress to protect Edward Stanton’s position as Secretary of war. Meant to be violated by Andrew Johnson as a justification to impeach him. Stated that a member of the president’s cabinet could not be removed without permission from the senate.
Edwin Stanton
Johnson’s secretary of War, a spy for the more radical sect of the republican party. He would be dismissed by Johnson.
Seward's Folly
The name given to William Seward’s purchase of Alaska for the U.S. Carried through with due to rumors of Gold, Fish, and furs as well as a desire to return the friendliness Russian had extended to the union during the civil war.
Pacific Railroad Act 1862
The act which commissioned the Union Pacific railroad. Granted the union Pacific railroad company land and loans to incentivise the company to undertake the project.
Union Pacific Railroad
A railroad that started in Omaha, and stretched westwards across the great plains to create a connection to California.
Central Pacific Railroad
The transcontinental railroad starting in Sacramento moving east across teh sierra nevadas.
Wedding of the Rails
nickname for the site where the union pacific and central pacific met in ogden utah. A mini ceremony to celebrate the completion of the project.
The Big Four
The 4 chief financers of the central Pacific Railroad. Included ex governor leland stanford with his political connections, and Collins P huntington an adept lobbyist.
James J. Hill
Driving force of the Gr. Northern Railway , Became a Shipping Agent For Winnipeg Merchants Nicknamed the "Empire Builder". Perhaps the most skilled rail road organizer who owned The Great northern.
The Great Northern
The northernmost of the transcontinental railroad lines, organized by economically wise and public-spirited industrialist James J. Hill. Ran from Seattle to Duluth Minnesota.
Cornelius Vanderbilt
The railroad giant responsible for revitalizing and connecting existing railroads across New York to form the New York Central system, upgrading them as well to the cheaper and more economical steel.
Time Zones
A new system for keeping time implemented by railroad companies to make scheduling possible across a nation as large as the U.S. Divided the nation into zones with a uniform time.
Stock Watering
Price manipulation by strategic stock brokers of the late 1800s. The term for selling more stock than they actually owned in order to lower prices, then buying it back.
Jay Gould
United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892). An incredibly skilled market speculator who manipulated booming and busting stocks to make his fortune.
"Pool"
An agreement to divide the business in a given area and share the profits.
Wabash case 1886
A United States Supreme Court case that determined that individual states had no right to regulate companies that operated in multiple states.
Interstate Commerce Act 1887
The congressional act which established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission)
Interstate Commerce Commission
a federal agency that supervised and set rates for carriers that transported goods and people between states. monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices. Prohibited pools, rebates, and mandated that rail companies post their rates publicly.
Alexander Graham Bell
The Inventor of the telephone
Thomas A Edison
American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.
Andrew Carneigie
A Scottish-American industrialist who led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century. Entered the Pittsburg Steel Buisness after quickly rising to success and amassing capital.
Vertical Integration
Practice where a single entity controls the entire supply chain of a product, from the raw materials to distribution.
Bessemer Process
A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.
John D. Rockefeller
An American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. Built the Standard Oil Company. Intenssly and brutally competitive.
Horizontal Integration
Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level. Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition.
Standard Oil
John D. Rockefeller's company that gained a monopoly over the world petroleum market with the practice of trusts and swift elimination of competition. Owned 95% of U.S. oil refineries.
"Trust"
a combination of firms or corporations formed by a legal agreement, intended to reduce competition and raise prices.
J.P. Morgan and consolidation
An influential banker and businessman who bought and reorganized companies. The Banker's Banker. His US Steel company would buy Carnegie steel and become the largest business in the world in 1901.
U.S. Steel
The largest steel company of the US, created by J.P. Morgan by merging Andrew Carnegie's Carnegie Steel and several other steel companies together; at the time, the largest corporation in existence worth 1.4 billion dollars.
Gustavus F. Swift
In the 1800s he enlarged fresh meat markets through branch slaughterhouses and refrigeration. He monopolized the meat industry. A meat king.
Philip Armour
Pioneered the shipping of hogs to Chicago for slaughter, canning, and exporting of meat. A meat king
Gospel of Wealth
The belief that, as the guardians of society's wealth, the rich have a duty to serve society; promoted by Andrew Carnegie; Carnegie donated more than $350 million to libraries, school, peace initiatives, and the arts. It is the responsibility for millionaires to use their God given wealth to be stewards of their society.
Social Darwinism
The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies, nations, and race - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.
William Graham Sumner
A theorist claiming that the rich were rich because of their natural talent and hard work. The economy is survival of the fittest and the richest are the fittest. the rich were simply more skilled or worked harder, while the poor were lazy or foolish.
Sherman Antitrust Act 1890
First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. initially misused against labor unions. Prevented the combination of companies to form trusts but lacked the power to really enforce that.
James Buchanan Duke
Southern industrialist behind the American Tobacco Company and Southern Power Company who made great advances in the businesses of tobacco and hydroelectric power. Built the cigarette industry.
Henry W. Grady and the New South
This man was editor of the Atlanta Constitution. He exhorted ex-Confederates and tried to outplay the North at the commercial and industrial game, making him one of the largest boosters of the new South. Promoted industrialization as a way to compete with the north again.
Southern Textile Mills
In 1880s, there were only few industries in the South. But by the 1920s, the South had eclipsed New England in terms of yarn and cloth production as northern manufacturers move their production closer to the cotton fields.
Gibson Girl
The idealized American girl of the 1890s as pictured by a magazine image that showed that woman could make it big and did have buying power. Women could be rich, powerful, and strong too.
