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nucleus
contains DNA
nucleolus
makes RNA, subunits of ribosomes, contains genetic info
nuclear envelope
has nuclear pores, inner/outer membrane; regulates transportation of molecules between nucleus & cytoplasm
nuclear lamina
net-like protein filaments, supports envelope
ribosomes
protein synthesis; made in nucleolus
free ribosomes
suspended in cytosol; first step of sugar breakdown
bound ribosomes
attached to the ER; made proteins to destined to be inserted in the membrane
ER
biosynthetic factory —> continuous with outer membrane envelope
ER structure
cisternae (sacs), and lumen (cavity)
smooth ER
no ribosomes, lipid synthesis, Ca2+ storage, metabolizes carbs, detox poisons/drugs
rough ER
ribosomes, makes proteins, adds carbs, makes phospholipids
golgi apparatus
warehouse of the cell; modify ER proteins, polysaccharide synthesis, sorting/packaging vesicles
golgi structure
flattened stacks of membranous sacs
mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell, cellular respiration
mitochondria structure
inner/outer membrane, cristae (folds in the inner membrane, ATP synthesis) and matrix (inside gel; enzymes/mDNA/ribosomes
lysosomes structure
membranous sacs with hydrolytic enzymes —> made in RER; acidic on the inside
lysosomes
phagocytosis/autophagy (recycling of organic material)
peroxisomes
breaks down fatty acids
peroxisome oxidation
1. RH2 + O2 —> H2O2
2. H2O2 —> 2 H2O + O2
chloroplast
photosynthesis
chloroplast structure
inner/outer membrane, stroma (liquid on inside), thylakoid (chlorophyll)
cytoskeleton
network of fibers essential to cellular function/structure, organizes, supports, and motility
motor proteins
interact for cell motility
microtubules
hollow tubes, 25 nm, a & b tubulin
microtubules function
cell shape, cell motility (motion of flagella and cilia), vesicle highways
intermediate filaments
coiled protein cables, 8-12 nm, protein vary (keratin)
intermediate filaments structure
cell shape, nuclear lamina, organelle positioning
microfilament
two intertwined protein strands, 7 nm, made of actin
microfilaments structure
muscle contraction —> myosin, cytoplasmic streaming, cell crawling, animal cell division
ECM
adhesion, support, movement, regulation of the extracellular side of the cell; acts like the glue
components of ECM
collagen, fibronectin, proteoglycan complex, integrins, microfilaments
cell junction
tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions
tight junctions
prevents leakage between cells
desmosomes
fastens the cells together
gap functions
cytoplasmic channel between adjacent cells
plasma membrane
selective boundary surrounding all cells; selectively permeable, acts as a gate-keeper, creates different chemical environments
lipids
phospholipids, amphipathic, cholesterol —> 4 fused rings structure
proteins
integral: span membrane, peripheral: loosely associated with membrane
variety of proteins function
transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM
carbohydrates
short, branched chains; extracellular (outside) side of membrane (glycoproteins and glycolipids)
passive transport
high to low, no E required, down concentration gradient
simple diffusion
molecules slip between phospholipids (CO2 & O2 )
facilitated diffusion
channel proteins (aquaporins, ions), carrier proteins (glucose, amino acids)
osmosis
low solute concentration to high solute concentration to drive the movement of water
hypotonic
lysed/turgid —> solute outside is lower
isotonic
normal/flaccid —> plant wilts
hypertonic
shriveled/plasmolyzed —> solute outside is higher
active transport
low to high, E required, against concentration
sodium-potassium pump
3 sodium out, 2 potassium in
bulk transport
moving large molecules across membrane
exocytosis
cell secretes molecule by fusion of vesicle with pl. membrane —> transport of protein
endocytosis
cells take in molecules & particulate matter by forming new vesicles from pl. membrane —> phagocytosis, pinocytosis, RME (LDL cholesterol uptake)
metabolism
sum of organism’s chemical reactions
metabolic pathways
specific molecules altered in series of defined steps resulting in certain products —> each step catalyzed by enzyme
anabolism
biosynthetic pathways (monomers —> polymers), consumes E, synthesis proteins from amino acids
catabolism
breakdown/degradative pathways (polymers —> monomers), releases E, cellular respiration
exergonic
energy released, spontaneous (downhill, higher in reactant)
endergonic
energy required, non-spontaneous (uphill, higher in products)
cells 3 main kinds of work
chemical work, transport work, mechanical work
ATP
energy currency of the cell
adenosine triphosphate
ribose, adenine, 3 phosphate groups
ATP hydrolysis
ATP —> ATP Pi (exergonic reaction)
enzyme
catalyst that speeds up reaction, lowers activation energy
enzyme features
catalysts, “ase”, proteins have enzymes, active site, highly specific
active site
pocket / groove for substrate interactions & catalysis
substrate
reactant on which enzyme works
enzyme-substrate complex
formed up E —> S interactions
first step of enzymatic work
substrate enters active site
second step of enzymatic work
substrate are held in active site by weak interactions
third step of enzymatic work
active site lowers EA
fourth step of enzymatic work
substrates are converted to products
fifth step of enzymatic work
products are released
sixth step of enzymatic work
active site is available for new substrate
activation energy
EA —> E required to start reaction
catabolic pathways
transfer of electrons (e-) during chemical reactions - released stored E - drives ATP synthesis
oxidation-reduction reactions
redox reactions (OIL RIG)
aerobic respiration
cellular respiration
glucose catabolism
oxygen consumed with organic fuel
glycolysis
2 phases: E investment & E payoff
E investment
uses ATP
E payoff
yields ATP
location of glycolysis
cytoplasm
glycolysis inputs
1 glucose (6 carbons), 2 ATP, 2 NAD+ (electron carrier)
glycolysis net yield
2 pyruvate (3 carbons), 2 ATP (4-2 =2 ), 2 NADH (stored E to make ATP)
substrate-level phosphorylation
enzymatic transfer of phosphate group from organic substrate to ADP
pyruvate oxidation
catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase
location of pyruvate oxidation
mitochondrial matrix
pyruvate oxidation reactions
1. carboxyl group fully oxidized to CO2
2. 2-C fragment oxidized & e- transferred to NAD+ to NADH
3. CoA (coenzyme A) attaches to 2-C intermediate via S atom —> acetyl CoA
pyruvate oxidation inputs
2 pyruvate
pyruvate oxidation net yields
2 acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2 (NO ATP)
location of kreb cycle
matrix
kreb cycle inputs
2 acetyl CoA
kreb cycle net yields
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2
electron transport chain
f(x) est. H+ gradient —> “hot potato”
location of ETC
cristae
final e- acceptor
O2
NADH & FADH2
where electrons come from during ETC
location of chemiosmosis
cristae
chemiosmosis reaction
down concentration gradient through ATP synthase —> uses proton motive force
ATP yield during chemiosmosis
oxidative phosphorylation