BIOL110: EXAM #2

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102 Terms

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nucleus

contains DNA

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nucleolus

makes RNA, subunits of ribosomes, contains genetic info

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nuclear envelope

has nuclear pores, inner/outer membrane; regulates transportation of molecules between nucleus & cytoplasm

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nuclear lamina

net-like protein filaments, supports envelope

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ribosomes

protein synthesis; made in nucleolus

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free ribosomes

suspended in cytosol; first step of sugar breakdown

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bound ribosomes

attached to the ER; made proteins to destined to be inserted in the membrane

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ER

biosynthetic factory —> continuous with outer membrane envelope

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ER structure

cisternae (sacs), and lumen (cavity)

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smooth ER

no ribosomes, lipid synthesis, Ca2+ storage, metabolizes carbs, detox poisons/drugs

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rough ER

ribosomes, makes proteins, adds carbs, makes phospholipids

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golgi apparatus

warehouse of the cell; modify ER proteins, polysaccharide synthesis, sorting/packaging vesicles

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golgi structure

flattened stacks of membranous sacs

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mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell, cellular respiration

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mitochondria structure

inner/outer membrane, cristae (folds in the inner membrane, ATP synthesis) and matrix (inside gel; enzymes/mDNA/ribosomes

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lysosomes structure

membranous sacs with hydrolytic enzymes —> made in RER; acidic on the inside

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lysosomes

phagocytosis/autophagy (recycling of organic material)

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peroxisomes

breaks down fatty acids

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peroxisome oxidation

1. RH2 + O2 —> H2O2

2. H2O2 —> 2 H2O + O2

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chloroplast

photosynthesis

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chloroplast structure

inner/outer membrane, stroma (liquid on inside), thylakoid (chlorophyll)

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cytoskeleton

network of fibers essential to cellular function/structure, organizes, supports, and motility

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motor proteins

interact for cell motility

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microtubules

hollow tubes, 25 nm, a & b tubulin

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microtubules function

cell shape, cell motility (motion of flagella and cilia), vesicle highways

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intermediate filaments

coiled protein cables, 8-12 nm, protein vary (keratin)

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intermediate filaments structure

cell shape, nuclear lamina, organelle positioning

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microfilament

two intertwined protein strands, 7 nm, made of actin

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microfilaments structure

muscle contraction —> myosin, cytoplasmic streaming, cell crawling, animal cell division

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ECM

adhesion, support, movement, regulation of the extracellular side of the cell; acts like the glue

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components of ECM

collagen, fibronectin, proteoglycan complex, integrins, microfilaments

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cell junction

tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

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tight junctions

prevents leakage between cells

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desmosomes

fastens the cells together

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gap functions

cytoplasmic channel between adjacent cells

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plasma membrane

selective boundary surrounding all cells; selectively permeable, acts as a gate-keeper, creates different chemical environments

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lipids

phospholipids, amphipathic, cholesterol —> 4 fused rings structure

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proteins

integral: span membrane, peripheral: loosely associated with membrane

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variety of proteins function

transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM

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carbohydrates

short, branched chains; extracellular (outside) side of membrane (glycoproteins and glycolipids)

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passive transport

high to low, no E required, down concentration gradient

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simple diffusion

molecules slip between phospholipids (CO2 & O2 )

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facilitated diffusion

channel proteins (aquaporins, ions), carrier proteins (glucose, amino acids)

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osmosis

low solute concentration to high solute concentration to drive the movement of water

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hypotonic

lysed/turgid —> solute outside is lower

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isotonic

normal/flaccid —> plant wilts

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hypertonic

shriveled/plasmolyzed —> solute outside is higher

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active transport

low to high, E required, against concentration

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sodium-potassium pump

3 sodium out, 2 potassium in

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bulk transport

moving large molecules across membrane

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exocytosis

cell secretes molecule by fusion of vesicle with pl. membrane —> transport of protein

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endocytosis

cells take in molecules & particulate matter by forming new vesicles from pl. membrane —> phagocytosis, pinocytosis, RME (LDL cholesterol uptake)

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metabolism

sum of organism’s chemical reactions

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metabolic pathways

specific molecules altered in series of defined steps resulting in certain products —> each step catalyzed by enzyme

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anabolism

biosynthetic pathways (monomers —> polymers), consumes E, synthesis proteins from amino acids

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catabolism

breakdown/degradative pathways (polymers —> monomers), releases E, cellular respiration

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exergonic

energy released, spontaneous (downhill, higher in reactant)

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endergonic

energy required, non-spontaneous (uphill, higher in products)

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cells 3 main kinds of work

chemical work, transport work, mechanical work

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ATP

energy currency of the cell

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adenosine triphosphate

ribose, adenine, 3 phosphate groups

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ATP hydrolysis

ATP —> ATP Pi (exergonic reaction)

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enzyme

catalyst that speeds up reaction, lowers activation energy

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enzyme features

catalysts, “ase”, proteins have enzymes, active site, highly specific

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active site

pocket / groove for substrate interactions & catalysis

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substrate

reactant on which enzyme works

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enzyme-substrate complex

formed up E —> S interactions

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first step of enzymatic work

substrate enters active site

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second step of enzymatic work

substrate are held in active site by weak interactions

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third step of enzymatic work

active site lowers EA

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fourth step of enzymatic work

substrates are converted to products

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fifth step of enzymatic work

products are released

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sixth step of enzymatic work

active site is available for new substrate

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activation energy

EA —> E required to start reaction

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catabolic pathways

transfer of electrons (e-) during chemical reactions - released stored E - drives ATP synthesis

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oxidation-reduction reactions

redox reactions (OIL RIG)

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aerobic respiration

cellular respiration

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glucose catabolism

oxygen consumed with organic fuel

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glycolysis

2 phases: E investment & E payoff

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E investment

uses ATP

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E payoff

yields ATP

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location of glycolysis

cytoplasm

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glycolysis inputs

1 glucose (6 carbons), 2 ATP, 2 NAD+ (electron carrier)

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glycolysis net yield

2 pyruvate (3 carbons), 2 ATP (4-2 =2 ), 2 NADH (stored E to make ATP)

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substrate-level phosphorylation

enzymatic transfer of phosphate group from organic substrate to ADP

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pyruvate oxidation

catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase

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location of pyruvate oxidation

mitochondrial matrix

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pyruvate oxidation reactions

1. carboxyl group fully oxidized to CO2

2. 2-C fragment oxidized & e- transferred to NAD+ to NADH

3. CoA (coenzyme A) attaches to 2-C intermediate via S atom —> acetyl CoA

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pyruvate oxidation inputs

2 pyruvate

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pyruvate oxidation net yields

2 acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2 (NO ATP)

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location of kreb cycle

matrix

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kreb cycle inputs

2 acetyl CoA

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kreb cycle net yields

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2

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electron transport chain

f(x) est. H+ gradient —> “hot potato”

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location of ETC

cristae

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final e- acceptor

O2

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NADH & FADH2

where electrons come from during ETC

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location of chemiosmosis

cristae

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chemiosmosis reaction

down concentration gradient through ATP synthase —> uses proton motive force

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ATP yield during chemiosmosis

oxidative phosphorylation