VMT final

Kill me

Egg producer considerations

Number of eggs produced, egg shell quality, fertility/hatchability

Meat producer considerations

Growth rate, carcass quality, feed efficiency, fertility and hatchability

Poultry are (type of digestion)

Monogastric omnivores

Crop

Out pocket of esophagus

Proventriculus

Glandular stomach (poutlry)

Ventriculus (gizzard)

Grind/ crush food

Cloaca

Singular opening for excretion and repooduction

Poultry nutrition

Feed is number 1 cost and is directly related to end product

Meat chicken nutrition

Meet market weight ASAP

Egg laying nutrition

Rapid but lean growth

Turkeys are bred

100% by ai

Turkey hens reach sexual maturity

At 30 weeks

Turkey hens lay eggs for

25 weeks (about 90 eggs)

After turkeys lay for 25 weeks they are

Considered spent (turkeys)

2 options after being spent

Slaughtered or molt for 90 days

Pullets are fed

Free choice for 10 weeks

For laying chickens at 10-12 weeks

Restrict feed, light or both (slowed growth= larger eggs)

Chickens start laying at

23 weeks of age

Chickens produce eggs for

About 1 year

After laying eggs for 1 year chickens are

Considered spent (chickens)

In the hatchery

Keep temp between 99.5 and 100.5, humidity at 60-70%, small end down, rotate 5 times per day

Candling should be done

4-5 days into incubation and before moving into hatching unit

Move eggs to hatching unit

A few days prior to hatching

In the hatching unit

Minimize waste, temp/humidity changes due to respiratory changes of chick

In the growing unit

Segregate by sex, control heat, and use heat lamps that are localized in the center

Chicks are kept in the growing unit for

4-6 weeks and fed buffet style

Young poultry management

Adequate housing, absorbent substrate, floor space

Poultry overcrowding can lead to

Behavioral issues like picking each other and cannibalism

Poultry management

Light cycles used to slow down sexual maturity

Procedures for poultry

Debeaking and dubbing

Dubbing

Removal of the comb

Meat chickens are

Fed a high energy diet buffet style

For meat chickens there is open floor space and restricted light

Encourages good eating habits and minimizes behavioral issues

Broiler chickens are fed to

2-6 lbs

Roaster chickens are fed to

5-10 lbs

Hen turkeys are slaughtered at

14-16lbs

Toms are slaughtered at

25-30 lbs

Filly

Female foal

Colt

Male foal

Hand

A unit of measurement (4 inches)

Pony

<14.1 hands

Horse

>14.2 hands

Terminal crosses

Mule and hinny

Light horses reach sexual maturity at

12-18 months

Arabians reach sexual maturity at

2-3 years

Draft breeds reach sexual maturity at

18-24 months of age

Do not breed mares

Before 2 years of age

Mares are (estrus type)

Seasonally polyestrous

Mare breeding season lasts

April-July

Mare frequency of heat

Every 21 days

Mare duration of heat

5-7 days with ovulation occurring near the end (wait at least 2 days into heat cycle to breed)

Mare sign of heat

Relaxation of vulva, frequent urination and mucus discharge

Mare behavioral changes if in heat

Vocaliation, squatting to urinate, tail wagging, winking of vulva

A mare should be

Up to date on all vaccines prior to breeding and have a current coggins test

AI in equine

Sometimes Thoroughbred association does not recognize them

Hand breeding

Male and female mate under supervision, female is hobbled and male is muzzled (safe for breeding pair, not so much humans)

Corral breeding

One male with one female in corral (no safety measures taken for horse, safer for humans)

Pasture breeding

Male around several mares, horses at risk not humans, no breeding date, often times unobserved

Horse gestation

340 days (about 11 months)

Most vaccines given during gestation are

To prevent abortion

After foaling

Mares have a post partum heat that occurs 5-12 days after birth

Bred back during post partum heat risks

High risk for uterine infection and lower conception rate

Pregnancy checks for equine

Are performed in the first couple weeks of gestation

Methods for pregnancy checks in equine

Ultrasound and blood/urine tests

Signs of foaling

Bagging up, waxing, flank biting, frequent urination, and relaxation of vulva

When foaling mares are

Sweating, standing up and down, should take place in a dry, warm pasture

Once water breaks in equine

Foal should be out in 10-30 minutes and foal should be in superman position

Post foaling

Dry foal, put straw into nostrils to stimulate breathing, dip umbilical cord in iodine

Foal should be standing

In the first hour after birth

Foal should nurse

Within the first 2 hours after birth (need colostrum within first 18 hours before gut wall changes)

Foals are born without

Placental antibodies

A blood test is given at 12 hours to foals

To make sure foal got maternal antibodies from colostrum

If foal blood test is negative

Feed stored colostrum

If foal has no maternal antibodies

The foal can become septic within 2 weeks and die

Mares should pass placenta within

3 hours of foaling

When mare passes placenta

Stretch it out and make sure its all there

Retained placentas can

Become necrotic

After foaling

Mares need cooled down and dried off

If a mares vulva tears during birth

It needs stitched

Foals can be gradually introduced to concentrates at

2-3 weeks

Foals should (eating)

Be gradually starting to eat hay because it builds up microorganisms in cecum

Foals are weaned around

4-6 months

Colts are castrated at

1 year old and its done in the early spring or fall

Horse identification

Tattooing lip, branding, and microchip

Equine are (type of digestion)

Monogastric herbivores, their cecum allows them to ferment plant matter

Causes for colic

Indigestion, intestinal obstruction, and inflammation of intestines

Colic prevention

Appropriate diet, regular deworming, and avoid giving moldy hay

Clinical signs of colic

Pawing at the ground, flank watching and kicking, rolling on the ground, refusing food, straining to defecate

Colic treatment

Empty GI tract, manually removing fecal matter, walking, pain meds, and oral meds

Intestinal torsion

Intestines twist, causing large blood vessels to cut off blood supply sending the animal into shock

If intestinal torsion occurs

Surgery is required

Bulling

Female bovine showing signs of heat

Signs of heat in bovine

Females mounting each other, restlessness, mucous discharge

Bovine reach sexual maturity at

12 months of age

Bovine are (estrus type)

Polyestrous

Bovine gestation time

283 days

Pregnancy detection in bovine

Rectal palpation (30 days), Ballottement (later in gestation), Ultrasound (Earlier than rectal palpation)

Labor in bovine lasts

4-6 hours

Reasons for dystocia in bovine

Calf in wrong position, pelvic opening too small, calf is too large

Dairy calves are

Bottle fed for 1-2 months