CP Biology Midterm Review

Eyepiece

Coarse Adjustment

Fine Adjustment

Arm

Bodytube

Revolving Nosepiece

Objective Lenses

Scanning (4x), Low (10x), and High (40x)

Stage

Illuminator

Base

Scientific Method

A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem

Organism

Any living thing

Species

Any group of organisms that can interbreed

Variable

A factor that can influence the results of an experiment

Hypothesis

A possible explanation for a set of observations

Theory

A hypothesis that has been supported many times, by different types of evidence

Control

Part of an experiment without a variable

Adaptations

Features that allow an organism to survive changing environments

Controlled Experiment

An experimental setup where only one factor is altered at a time

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

Ionic Bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Peptide Bond

A covalent bond formed between amino acids

Hydrogen Bonding

Bonds between hydrogen atom and oxygen atom of another water molecule

Macromolecule

A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules

Monomer

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

Polymer

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

Carbohydrates

The starches and sugars present in foods

Proteins

Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA

Monosaccharides

Simple Sugars

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

Amino Acids

Building blocks of proteins (20 different kinds)

Polypeptides

Polymers of amino acids

Fatty Acids

Building Blocks of Lipids

Nucleotides

Building blocks of nucleic acids

DNA

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

RNA

Single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

Activation Energy

The minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction

Catalyst

A substance that speeds up a chemical reactions by lowering activation energy (without being changed)

Enzyme

A type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions in a living thing

Substrate

Reactant that binds to the enzyme

Active Site

The specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme

Denature

Inactive or non-functioning enzymes

Product

A substance produced in a chemical reaction

Osmosis

Diffusion of Water

Diffusion

Passage of materials from a region of high concentration to low concentration

Hypertonic

A solution with more solute than another solution

Hypotonic

A solution with less solute than another solution

Isotonic

A solution with the same amount of solute as another solution

Active Transport

Movement across a membrane against a diffusion gradient. Requires energy

Selectively-Permeable

Allows only passage of certain materials

Passive Transport

Movement across a membrane without the use of energy

Cytoskeleton

Network of filaments that maintain cell chape

Centrioles

Involved in cell division

Microtubules

Tiny protein tubes that help support cells

Lysosomes

Sacs that contain hydrolytic enzymes

Nucleus

Control center for cell activity

Nucleolus

Assembles Ribosomes

Cell Membrane

Selectively permeable lipid layer

Prokaryotes

Cells with no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotes

Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like suspension that organelles float in

Chromatin

DNA material located in the nucleus

Chloroplast

Converts sunlight energy into glucose

Vacuole

Provides Storage area for water, ions and other organic molecules

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Golgi Body

Packages proteins for use

Ribosome

Assembles amino acids into proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes where many proteins for transport are assembled

mRNA

Messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

tRNA

Transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

rRNA

Ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome

pH Scale

A scale with values from 0 to 14, used to measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution; a pH of 0 to 7 is acidic, a pH of 7 is neutral, and a pH of 7 to 14 is basic

Carbon

All of the organic molecules are based on the element \_________

Saturated Fats

A type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all single bonds

Unsaturated Fats

A type of fat containing a high proportion of fatty acid molecules with at least one double bond

Radioactive Isotopes

It helps doctors diagnose disease and locate certain types of cancer

Isotopes

Atoms of the same elements with different number of neutrons

Ions

Atoms that have a positive or negative charge

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Polarity

Molecules having uneven distribution of charges

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Adhesion

Attraction between molecules of different substances

Capillary Action

The attraction of the surface of a liquid to the surface of a solid

High Heat Capacity

Water's ability to absorb and retain heat

Surface Tension

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

Cellulose

Carbohydrate component of plant cell walls

Mutation

A random error in gene replication that leads to a change

Semiconservative

Method of replication that implies that each new strand of DNA is half original and half new

Antiparallel

The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix

DNA Helicase

An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication

RNA Primase

An enzyme that creates a short RNA primer for initiation of DNA replication

DNA Polymerase

Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule

DNA Ligase

Enzyme that chemically links DNA fragments together

Replication

Copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA

Transcription

Synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template

Translation

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

Substitution

A mutation in which a nucleotide or a codon in DNA is replaced with a different nucleotide