NVCC PSY 200-E43L Exam 1

Structualism

Analysis of basic elements that make up the mind

Functionalism

The study of the purpose that mental processes serve

which man believed consciousness was a stream?

William James

Which man believed you could break consciousness into part

Wilhelm Wundt

Who is known as the founder of psychology and first to teach it and open a lab?

Wilhelm Wundt

What is the emphasis of Frauds psychoanalytic theory?

The importance of unconscious mental processes.

Who were the founders of humanistic psychology?

Maslow and Rogers

What is unconsciousness?

The part of the mind that operates outside of awareness but that influences thoughts, feelings, and actions

What is cognitive psychology?

The scientific study of mental processes including perception thought memory and reasoning

What is behavioral neuroscience?

An approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes

What is evolutionary psychology?

Explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value fo abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection

What is empiricism?

The belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation

what is the Scientific Method?

A procedure for finding the truth by using empirical evidence

What is a theory?

A hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenon

What is a hypothesis?

A falsifiable prediction made by a theory

What is an operational definition?

a description of a property in concrete measurable forms

What is validity?

Concrete event that defines property

What is Reliability?

That something is producing the same answers when its measured more than once

Which refers to whether something is consistent?

Reliablity

Which refers to if something is measuring what its suppose to measure?

Validity

What is a variable?

properties whose value can very across individuals or over time

What is an experiment?

A technique for establishing a causal relationship between variables

What is manipulation?

Involves changing a variable in order to determine its causal power

What is self selection and why is it a problem for research?

because it allows people to choose what group they are in based on anything about them making the experiment exposed to more than one difference...no control

What does it mean to say that the difference between the control group and the experimental group is statistically significant?

That it is unlikely to have been caused by a third varibale

What is internal validity?

refers to our ability to draw inferences of cause an effect

What is external validity?

Allows us to generalize to the real world

What is the cell body?

The part of the neuron that coordinates information, processes tasks and keeps the cell alive

What is a dendrite?

Branch like extensions of the neuron that receives information from other neurons and relays them to the cell body

What is an axon?

Part of a neuron that carries information to other neurons muscles and glands

What is the path of transmission in a neuron?

Dendrite--cell body---axon

What are myelin sheaths?

Insulated layer of fatty material that covers axons. They facilitate the conduction of action potential

What are nodes of ranvier?

Gaps between myelin that causes the charge to seem to jump from node to node making it faster

What are terminal buttons?

knob like structures that branch off from an axon

What is a neurotransmitter?

chemical that transmits information across a synapse to a receiving neurons dendrite

What are 3 ways a synapse is cleared?

1. reuptake into the sending neuron 2. being broken down by enzymes in the synapse 3. binding to auto-receptors on sending neurons

what is a synapse?

junction between the dendrite of one neuron to the axon or cell body of another

What is dopamine?

dopamine is a neurotransmitter that regulates motor behavior. motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal

What is an endorphin?

endorphin is a neurotransmitter that dulls pain and elevates mood when body is pushed to painful limits...runners high

how can drugs interfere with neurotransmitters?

They mimic an increase the function of neurotransmitters

What is an agonist?

drugs that interfere with the action of a neurotransmitter

What makes up the CNS?

Brain and Spinal cord

What is the PNs

Connects the central nervous system to the rest o the bodies organs and muscles

What is the path of a reflex?

Sensory neurons-up the spine-interneurons-motor neurons- action

function of the cerebellum?

Controls fine motor skills

What is the Medulla?

extension of the spinal cord that coordinates heart rate, respiration and circulation

What is the reticular foramen?

Small cluster of neurons that extend out of the medulla, and coordinate wake-fullness, sleep and levels of arousal. severance can cause irreversible coma

What is the Thalamus?

Portion of the midbrain that receives and filters information from the senses and transmits the information into the cerebral cortex

What is the hypothalamus?

Portion under the thalamus that regulates hunger, body temperature, thirst and sexual behaviror

what is the hippocampus?

Area where memories are made and knowledge is learned

What is the amygdala?

part of the hypocampus that creates emotional memories

What is the basal ganglia?

direct intentional movements by receiving inputsW from the cerebral cortex and sending them to the motor cortec

What body parts get more space in the samosensory cortex?

The lips an tongue

What body parts get more space in the motor cortex?

The spine

What are association areas?

An area composed of neurons that help provide sense and meaning to information registered in the cortex

What is the degree of relatedness?

The probability of sharing genes

Which hemisphere processes language?

The left

what are neuroimaging techniques?

the use of technology to create images of the living healthy brain

PET scan?

Shows areas in the left hem. as long as someone holds a collection of a few words in min. shows the function of the brain

fMRI?

All views of the left hem. can see activity in the auditory cortex of the brain when someone is listening to music. Shows the function of the brain.

What is consciousness?

subjective experience of the world

What is Phenomenology?

How things seem to the conscious person

Problem of other minds?

fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others

What are the four properties of consciousness?

intentionality, unity selectivity and tendency to change

At what age do humans experience self consciousness?

18 months

What animals are capable of self recognition?

humans, orangutans, chimps, dolphins, elephants, magpies

What thoughts tend to dominate consciousness?

immediate environment, current concerns, what is smelled tasted, seen

what is mental control?

The attempts to controls conscious states of mind

Freuds dynamic unconscious?

An active system spanning a lifetime of ones hidden memories, deepest instincts, desires and the struggle to control them

What is the beliefs of cognitive unconscious?

They believe it is a combination fo choices emotions thoughts and behaviors

How long does a sleep cycle last?

about 90 minutes

Which sleep stage is the deepest?

stage 3

Which sleep stage has dreams?

REM

Which sleep stage shows brain activity as if awake?

REM

The motor cortex is active during REM, but why dont we move?

spinal neurons run though the brain stem and inhibit expression of motor activity

What is hypnosis?

A social interaction in which one person suggests something to someone else and making them change their subjective experience

What is hypnotic analgesia?

reduction of pain through hypnosis