Theme 1- Microbes and Us

What are the main prokaryotes

Bacteria and Archaea

What are the main eukaryotes

Fungi, Protozoan and Algae

Are viruses eukaryotic or prokaryotic

neither, are acellular

What is the bacteria’s cell wall made of

Peptidoglycan

Name three characteristics of archaea

• lacks peptidoglycan

• Lives in extreme environments

• Not known to cause disease in humans

Extreme halophiles Archaea

Live in extremely salty conditions

Extreme thermophiles archaea

Live in hot sulphurous water

Methanogens archaea

Produce methane as a waste product from respiration

What are the unicellular fungi called

Yeasts

What are the multicellular fungi called

Mushrooms or mold

What are the cell walls of fungi made of

Chitin

How does bacteria reproduce

Binary fission - asexually

How do fungi reproduce

Asexually and sexually

Name three characteristics of Protozoa ( unicellular)

• no cell walls

• May be motile via pseudopods, cilia or flagella

• Parasitic or free living

Name three characteristics of Algae

• unicellular or multicellular

• Asexual or sexual reproduction

• Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds by photosynthesis

What is the cell walls of algae made of

Cellulose

Name three characteristics of viruses

• not considered living outside host cell

• Core surrounded by a protein coat

• Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope

What are the three domains based on cellular organisation

• bacteria ( contains peptidoglycan)

• Archaea ( lacks peptidoglycan )

• Eukarya

Who developed the 3 domains based on cellular organization

Carl Woese

Who established the system of scientific nomenclature ( 1735)

Linnaeus

Who marked the beginning of the cell theory ( 1663-1665)

Robert Hooke

What does the cell theory state

All living things are composed of cells

Who observed the “animalicules” and found they were microbes ( 1623-1673)

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Spontaneous generation

The hypothesis that life arises from nonliving mater, a “vital force” necessary for life

In 1668, who filled the hairs with decaying meat to show spontaneous generation

Francesco Reid

IN 1745, who put boiled nutrient broth ( microbial growth) into covered flasks to prove spontaneous generation

John Needham

In 1765, who boiled nutrient solution( no microbial growth) in sealed flasks

Lazzero Spallanzani

Biogenesis

The hypothesis that living cells arise only from pre-existing living cells

In 1858, who stated the hypothesis of biogenesis

Rudolf Virchow

In 1861, who did experiments to that showed microorganisms are present in the air

Louis Pasteur

What conclusions came out of Pasteur’s work

• microorganisms are present in air, liquids and solids

• Heat can destroy microorganisms

• Developed aseptic techniques ( prevent microbial contamination)

What occurred in the golden age of microbiology ( 1857-1914)

Used Pasteurs work to discover the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity and vaccines

Fermentation ( Pasteur showed microbes are responsible)

Microbial conversion of sugars to alcohols in the absence of air

Pasteurization

Application of high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages

Who showed that a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus

Agostino Bassi

Who advocated for handwashing to prevent the transmission of puerperal fever from one obstetrical patient to another

Ignaz Semmelweis

Who introduced the use of disinfectant to clean surgical wounds

Joseph Lister

In 1876, who proved that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided experimental steps, Koch’s postulates, to prove that a specific microbe causes anthrax specific diese

Robert Koch

Chemotherapy

Treatment of disease with chemicals

Antibiotics

Naturally produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes

Who developed the first synthetic drug, Salvarsan, to treat syphilis

Paul Ehrlich

Who discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin, on accident

Alexander Fleming

What are microbes that normally present in and on the human body called

Normal microbiota

What is the function of normal microbiota on our skin

• prevents the growth of pathogens

• Produce growth factors like vitamin B and K

What are biofilms

Microbes that attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses

Why are biofilms dangerous

Can cause infections and are often resistant to antibiotics

How do biofilms communicate

Quorum Sensing

Infectious disease

When a pathogen invades a host and overcomes the host’s resistance, disease results

Resistance

The ability of the body to ward off disease. E.g barrier of the skin, stomach acid

Emerging infectious diseases ( EIDs)

New diseases and diseases increasing in incidence

What does SARS stand for

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Covid 19

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus ( MERS-CoV)

Bird flu and Influenza A virus

Avian influenza A ( H5N1 )

What does Ebola hemorrhagic fever ( EHF) cause

Fever, hemorrhaging and blood clotting which is transmitted via contact with infected blood or body fluids

What does AIDs stand for

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

What causes AIDs

Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV)