Chemistry Final Exam Review Flashcards

Flashcards for reviewing key chemistry concepts from the lecture notes.

Conservation of Matter

The idea that matter can be neither created nor destroyed.

Law of Definite Proportions

The idea that substances combine themselves in specific amounts.

Phlogiston

Theory explaining why things burn up (disproven).

Electrolysis

Electrically separating elements from each other.

Matter

Everything that has mass and takes up space.

Atoms

Smallest units of matter that have the properties of that element.

Electrons

Particles with a negative charge.

Protons

Particles with a positive charge.

Neutrons

Particles that have no charge (neutral).

Nucleus

The center of the atom where protons and neutrons are located.

Fathers of Modern Chemistry

Robert Boyle and Antoine Lavoisier

Antoine Lavoisier

Discovered that you cannot create or destroy matter and named the element oxygen.

Joseph Proust

The law of Definite Proportions.

Joseph Priestley

Put the fizz in our soft drinks and discovered oxygen.

Henry Cavendish

Found hydrogen and discovered that water was made of two gases.

John Dalton

Responsible for the first atomic theory.

Humphry Davy

A pioneer in the field of electrolysis, discovered many elements using electrolysis.

Dmitri Mendeleev

Father of the Periodic table; predicted elements and their characteristics.

J.J. Thompson

Discovered the electron; proposed the plum pudding model of an atom.

Ernest Rutherford

Conducted the gold foil experiment (alpha particles and the nucleus are both positively charged).

Gold

The most malleable metal.

Octet Rule

No outer shell holds more than eight electrons.

Isotope

Element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.

Ions

Atoms with an electrical charge.

Cation

A positively charged ion.

Anion

A negatively charged ion.

Dihydrogen Monoxide

Water

Diatomic molecule

Two of the same atom

Compound

Two or more elements chemically bonded

Acid

A substance that forms hydrogen ions in a solution

Base

A substance that forms hydroxide ions in a solution