Exam 3 quizzes

A change observed in the brains of people with schizophrenia is

 

enlarged volume of the temporal lobe and limbic structures.

shrinkage of the ventricles.

increase in definition of selected cortical layers.

disorganized arrangement of hippocampal cells.

all of the above

disorganized arrangement of hippocampal cells.

Which model of schizophrenia integrates the neurochemical data with the neuroanatomical findings concerning the disorder?

 

The dopamine hypothesis

 

The glutamate-dopamine model

 

The DA imbalance hypothesis

 

The neurodevelopmental model

The neurodevelopmental model

Which of the following is associated with the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia?

 

Cognitive functions are most affected by the excess activity in the disinhibited mesolimbic pathway.

 

Early damage to the indirect basal ganglia pathway results in the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

 

High mesolimbic DA activity following mesocortical cell loss may explain the dramatic positive symptoms of schizophrenia. 

The model attempts to identify the cause of the proposed early mesocortical cell loss.

High mesolimbic DA activity following mesocortical cell loss may explain the dramatic positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

Which statement about glutamate and DA in regard to symptoms associated with schizophrenia is true?

 

Overabundance of glutamate at the NMDA receptor may be a precursor to DA dysfunction and may explain increases in mesolimbic DA and decreases in PFC function.

 

Insufficient glutamate at the NMDA receptor may be a precursor to DA dysfunction and may explain increases in mesolimbic DA and decreases in PFC function.

 

NMDA receptors have indirect excitatory effects on of midbrain mesolimbic DA neurons that project to limbic regions.

 

Schizophrenic symptoms are due to increased DA function in mesocortical neurons along with reduced DA function in mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons.

 

Both C and D are true

Insufficient glutamate at the NMDA receptor may be a precursor to DA dysfunction and may explain increases in mesolimbic DA and decreases in PFC function.

effects on positive symptoms

mesolimbic pathway

mesocortical pathway

nigrostriatal pathway

tuberohypophyseal pathway

mesolimbic pathway

effects on cognitive and negative symptoms

mesolimbic pathway

mesocortical pathway

nigrostriatal pathway

tuberohypophyseal pathway

mesocortical

motor side effects

mesolimbic pathway

mesocortical pathway

nigrostriatal pathway

tuberohypophyseal pathway

nigrostriatal pathway

neuroendocrine side effects

mesolimbic pathway

mesocortical pathway

nigrostriatal pathway

tuberohypophyseal pathway

tuberohypophyseal pathway

The effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in reducing positive symptoms is due to:

 

blockage of many different receptor types.

 

anticholinergic action.

 

dopamine receptor antagonism.

 

5-HT receptor antagonism

 

All of the above

 

dopamine receptor antagonism.

Which of the following is true regarding the monoamine hypothesis of depression?

 

Depression is associated with low levels of monoamines

 

Depression is associated with high levels of monoamines

 

The model explains depression perfectly

 

Lowering levels of monoamines always produces depression

 

increasing monoamine levels always alleviates depression

Depression is associated with low levels of monoamines

Most antidepressants ________ 5-HT by __________ reuptake through SERT.

 

increase, increasing

 

increase, blocking

 

decrease, increasing

 

decrease, blocking

increase, blocking

Which of the following is NOT part of the neuropathology associated with depression?

 

Increased volume of the hippocampus

 

changes in blood flow in the frontal cortex

 

impaired HPA function

 

adverse impacts on neurogenesis and cell survival

 

All of the above are neuropathologies associated with depression

Increased volume of the hippocampus

Which of the following is evidence of serotonin dysfunction in depression?

 

high leveles of serotonin metabolites are found in postmortem brains of depressed individuals

 

5-HT receptor knockout mice have depression-like symptoms

 

most antidepressant medications increase 5-HT

 

All of the above are evidence for 5-HT dysfunction in depression

 

Both B and C

Both B and C

Anxiety and Fear are the same emotion

 

True

 

False

False

Most anxiolytic medications work by reducing NE neuron firing in the LC.

True 

False

True

Which of the following is true regarding Benzodiazepines?

 

They reduce anxiety in people with anxiety disorders

 

the bind to GABA receptors and enhance GABA function

 

People with panic disorder have less benzodiazepine binding than people without anxiety disorders

 

All of the above are true

All of the above are true

All of the following are acute effects of the class of drugs called narcotic analgesics except

 

drowsiness

 

pain relief

 

diarrhea

 

dulling of negative emotions

 

All of the above are acute opioid effects

diarrhea

One common effect of increasing opiate dose is

 

euphoria.

 

elevated respiration rate

 

increased sex drive

 

increased awareness of one’s surroundings.

 

Both A and B

euphoria

Opiates are dangerous at high doses due mostly to

 

their effects on cardiac muscle.

 

the increased likelihood of a stroke.

 

the suppression of the brainstem’s respiratory center.

 

an overstimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.

 

Opiates are safe at high doses

the suppression of the brainstem’s respiratory center.

Which of the following is false regarding endogenous opioids and opioid receptors?

 

They stimulate neurotransmission in two ways

 

They block Ca2+ presynaptically

 

They open K+ channels postsynaptically

 

Endogenous opioids are never co-released with other neurotransmitters

 

Both A and D are false

Both A and D are false

Peria quiductal gray

analgesia

euphoria

respiratory depression

dulling of negative emotions

analgesia

VTA/NAc

analgesia

euphoria

respiratory depression

dulling of negative emotions

euphoria

Brain stem

analgesia

euphoria

respiratory depression

dulling of negative emotions

respiratory depression

amygdala/limbic system

analgesia

euphoria

respiratory depression

dulling of negative emotions

dulling of negative emotions

Which of the following is not a psychedelic drug?

 

Mescaline

 

5-HT

 

LSD

 

DMT

 

All of the above ARE psychedelic drugs

5-HT

What is the mechanism of action psychedelic mushrooms?

 

After ingestion, psilocybin is converted to psilocin, which is the psychoactive agent.

 

Mescaline is extracted from the mushrooms and consumed as a powder that contains the psychoactive agent.

 

β-carbolines in the mushrooms block DMT breakdown in the liver so the DMT reaches the brain and produces psychedelic effects.

 

The psychoactive substance, salvinorin A, is released when the mushrooms are eaten.

After ingestion, psilocybin is converted to psilocin, which is the psychoactive agent.

What is responsible for the unusually long length of an LSD “trip”?

 

The subjective feelings of the “trip” last long after the drug has worn off due to memory effects.

 

After receptor binding, a lid-like structure formed from the receptor protein temporarily traps the drug in the binding pocket.

 

The receptor binding process slows down such that the drug effects last longer than usual.

 

The drug’s potency combined with its fast metabolism results in a long “trip.”

After receptor binding, a lid-like structure formed from the receptor protein temporarily traps the drug in the binding pocket.

PCP and ketamine act on the postsynaptic cell by

 

blocking the NMDA receptor at the glutamate site.

 

stimulating the receptor where NMDA normally binds.

 

acting as a competitive antagonist at the NMDA receptor.

 

acting as an uncompetitive antagonist at the NMDA receptor.

acting as an uncompetitive antagonist at the NMDA receptor.

A secondary consequence of NMDA receptor antagonism is _______ presynaptic glutamate release, which may result from _______ of receptors on inhibitory GABAergic interneurons that innervate the cortical neurons.

 

decreased; blockade

 

decreased; opening

 

increased; blockade

 

increased; opening

increased; blockade

Which hypothesis was developed after it was shown that the effects of high doses of ketamine are similar to symptoms of schizophrenia?

 

A major factor in schizophrenia is hypoactivity of the glutamatergic system, particularly NMDA receptor signaling.

 

A major factor in schizophrenia is 5-HT2A receptor down-regulation.

 

A major factor in schizophrenia is hypoactivity of the serotonergic system due to 5-HT inhibition.

 

A major factor in schizophrenia is decreased dopaminergic transmission in the prefrontal cortex.

 

All of the above

A major factor in schizophrenia is hypoactivity of the glutamatergic system, particularly NMDA receptor signaling.

Question 12

Self-administration studies in animals have shown that

 

both PCP and ketamine are highly reinforcing for several species.

 

PCP and ketamine are not rewarding for the species tested.

 

the reward effects of PCP and ketamine are unique and not dependent upon dopamine.

 

PCP’s reward effects are dopamine-dependent, while ketamine’s effects are dopamine-independent.

both PCP and ketamine are highly reinforcing for several species.

Eating while drinking alcohol _______ its absorption by _______ enzymatic breakdown.

 

increases, decreasing

 

decreases, decreasing

 

increases, increasing

 

decreases, increasing

 

Eating has no effect on alcohol absorption

decreases, increasing

The first step in the metabolism of alcohol is its conversion to

 

formaldehyde.

 

acetaldehyde.

 

acetic acid.

 

aldehyde dehydrogenase.

 

wine

acetaldehyde

Which of the following is NOT a chronic cellular effect of alcohol?

 

upregulation of glutamate receptors

 

increased dopamine cell firing

 

decrease in GABA function

 

decrease in endorphin levels

 

All of the above ARE chronic cellular effects of alcohol

increased dopamine cell firing

Alcohol is an _______ at GABA receptors, and an ________ at Glutamate receptors.

 

Agonist, Antagonist

 

Agonist, Agonist

 

Antagonist, Agonist

 

Antagonist, Antagonist

Agonist, Antagonist

Acutely, alcohol __________ dopamine transmission in the mesolimbic tract and __________ endogenous opioid synthesis and release

 

decreases, decreases

 

decreases, increases

 

increases, increases

 

increases, decreases

 

increases, has no effect on

increases, increases

Question 6

1 / 1 pts

Korsakoff's syndrome is caused by

 

Fetal Alcohol syndrome

 

fatty liver disease

 

damage to the thalamus from chronic vitamin B1 deficiency

 

Alcohol-withdrawal

 

All of the above can cause Korsakoff's syndrome

damage to the thalamus from chronic vitamin B1 deficiency

Oral administration of marijuana

 

results in a shorter duration of action of the drug than smoking.

 

yields low but consistent levels of drug in the body.

 

results in a longer duration of action of the drug

 

is an easy way to regulate the amount of drug entering the body.

results in a longer duration of action of the drug

Which statement regarding CB1 cannabinoid receptors is false?

 

It is expressed in many brain regions

 

It is an ionotropic receptor

 

It plays a role in the intoxicating effects of marijuana

 

Presynaptic CB1 receptors on nerve terminals have an inhibitory effect on transmitter release

It is an ionotropic receptor

_______ increases regional brain activation and blood flow in some brain regions, while _______ has the opposite effect.

 

THC; CBD

 

CBD; THC

 

Methylphenidate; hemp

 

Hemp; methylphenidate

THC; CBD

The development of tolerance to cannabis 

 

involves down-regulation of CB1 receptors

 

involves up-regulation of CB1 receptors

 

occurs in response to moderate cannabis use

 

occurs in response to heavy chronic cannabis use

 

Both A and D

Both A and D

amygdala

panic/paranoia

slowed reaction time

increased appetite

euphoria

impaired memory

panic/paranoia

basal ganglia

panic/paranoia

slowed reaction time

increased appetite

euphoria

impaired memory

slowed reaction time

hypothalamus

panic/paranoia

slowed reaction time

increased appetite

euphoria

impaired memory

increased appetite

nucleus accumbens

panic/paranoia

slowed reaction time

increased appetite

euphoria

impaired memory

euphoria

hippocampus

panic/paranoia

slowed reaction time

increased appetite

euphoria

impaired memory

impaired memory