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Location
where a place is on a map, latitude/longitude
Locale
Each place is made up of a series of locales where everyday life activities take place e.g. home, park. These locales dictate our social interactions and help forge attitudes, values and behaviours - naturally behave different in each of these places.
Sense of place
the subjective and emotional attachment to a place
Space
an area with no meaning
Placelessness
the idea that a particular landscape could be anywhere because it lacks uniqueness e.g. airports, McDonalds
How globalisation is making distant places look and feel the same
Insiders
people who feel like they belong in a certain place and that is their home
Outsiders
people who feel out of place in a certain place and that they don't belong
Insiders features
-born in area
-permanent resident, passport, housing, vote, fluent in language
-understands rules of society
-safe, secure, happy
Outsiders features
-born elsewhere, foreign
-temporary visitor, not fluent, no work/passport
-misunderstand society rules
-alienated
Factors forming place attachment
-family/friends
-religion
-gender
-age
-experiences
-morals
-ethnicity
-education
-interests
Relationship between experience and attachment
Y axis = attachment
X axis = Intensity of experience
The Tripartite Model of Place Attachment
Place attachment
= Person
= Place
= Process
Person
who is attached, indicates that attachment to place can occur both individually and collectively
Place
what is attached, social relationship that exists within the realm of an individuals significant place. The natural and built physical environments can be subjects of person-place bond
Process
how does attachment exist, collective effects of effective cognitive and behavioural aspects
Place attachment
the emotional bond between a person and place
Near place
places that feel like home, where people would live in a similar way to which we live. We feel secure and this has a prop for our identity. Form our national identity as a country.
Far place
Places we see as foreign, alien and different. Division between 'them' and 'us', racist ideologies, 'whinging poms' mocking terms.
UK and France = neighbours but different
Media place
Places we have formed a perception of based on what we see in the media, makes world seem smaller, more understanding of world. Information age, contrast other representations, can we understand a place if we never develop a sense of place there?
Topophilia
love of a place
Topophobia
hate/fear of a place
Media representations
Slumdog Millionaire vs Exotic Marigold Hotel
Experienced place
Places we have been to and developed our own sense of place, deeper understanding and true nature, emotional attachment, change previous perceptions, Genius loci
Genius Loci
the spirit of a place - develop a sense of place, learn more about it
Information age
bombarded with images and other forms of representations about the world
Endogenous factors
internal factors that help shape the character of a place, physical as well as human features
Examples of endogenous factors
Land use, demographic, nature/landscape
Factors influencing place
-location
-built environment
-physical geography
-topography
-land use
-economic characteristics
-infrastructure
-demographic characteristics
Exogenous factors
external factors that shape the character of a place, generally the relations that a place has with other places that affects its characteristics
Examples of exogenous factors
movement of:
people, resources, money, investment, ideas
Migration within the EU
-new shops, some schools struggle with large numbers of children having English as a second language.
-Fish processing in Scotland, farm work in East Anglia = benefited from labour
Groups which suffer exclusion
Ethnic minorities
LGBT communities
Homeless
Gypsies/travellers
Disabled
Age
Immigrants
Why ethnic minorities suffer exclusion
feel uncomfortable as they are minority in area, e.g. Marlborough 93% white
Why LGBT communities suffer exclusion
people have opposing views and may be unwelcoming/uneducated
Why homeless people suffer exclusion
people look down on them and don't want to interact with them
Why gypsies suffer exclusion
live in their own communities and have different traditions
Why disabled people suffer exclusion
may not be able to access certain areas e.g. stairs
Why young or elderly suffer exclusion
stereotypes, can't use certain things 18+ 65+, may be frail so can't access certain things
Why immigrants suffer exclusion
media portrays them negatively, so viewed negatively by population, in a white British area.
Formal representation
facts, objective, quantitative, statistical data e.g. Census or Geospatial data (GIS),
90% of data in last decade is geographically located
Informal representation
not accurate representation, creative, related with certain groups in society
e.g. Beijing Olympics - one child policy hidden
Examples of informal representation
art, media, tv, film, photos, music, murals, graffiti
Examples of formal representation
Census data, OS maps
Evaluation of formal representation
+quantitative data is non-bias and easy to interpret
X doesn't show an actual representation of a place
Evaluation of informal representation
+can be changed for context
X subjective
X data may be interpreted differently
Place identity
how people experience a place and the meaning they give to it.
Identity can be evident at a local, regional and national scale, people can hold multiple and conflicting views of a place
Clone Towns
losing their place identity
e.g. Broad Mead, Bristol, doesn't represent Bristol's diversity and history as a city. TNCs and chain stores can afford rents whereas independent stores pushed out
Totness
one of lowest percentages of branded stores = strong sense of community in town, all local produce and businesses, local economy.
fought to stop Costa.
Reliability
secondary sources supply information through someone else's perspective, interpretation makes data subjective, could be inaccurate
Provenance
positive or negative impression, symbols or stereotypes, author/artists choices, context who created the source, hidden texts, compared to other sources, wider processes.
Example of a clone town
Broad Mead Bristol
Near place definition
Geographically near to where a person lives, feels like home
Far place definition
Distant from where a person lives, seen as foreign
Experienced place definition
Places that people have spent time in. When a person visits/lives in a place their experiences shape their sense of that place
Media places definition
Places that people have not been to, but have created a sense of place through their deception in the media
Government policies
-Big impact on demographic characteristics of a place (one child policy)
-Cultural characteristics (Germany)
-Social and economic characteristics (Hulme)
Government policy Germany
1960s German government invited Turkish people to live and work in Germany, now has many aspects of Turkish culture
Government policy Hulme
1992 regeneration of Hulme local council and partners aimed to increase population as well as employment rates and quality of life
Multinational corporations
impact demographic, social and economic characteristics
Detroit, USA
Detroit
Once global centre of car manufacturing, factories gave city economic boost.
-large number of migrants for jobs
-Recession = industries moved to cheaper countries = massive population decline (over half)
1.8m (1950s) to 700,000 (2010)
-Employment reduced 2010 = 24.8% workforce unemployed
-some of US highest crime rates
International/global institutions
World Food Programme
World Bank
World Food Programme
provides emergency food, prevent death from famine (social), provided aid to millions of people in Yemen since 2015
World Bank
Invests in and sets up thousands of projects which aim to reduce poverty. Between 2010 and 2015 provided funding to Nirgbo New Countryside Development Project in China. Improved social conditions of area by providing clean wastewater disposal to 144 villages
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