oncology SA

What are the indications for lymph node sampling?

If enlarged, to suspect underlying infectious disease or to stage malignant disease.

What technique should be used when sampling lymph nodes to minimize blood contamination?

Non-suction technique.

What should you do if the lymph node is enlarged during sampling?

Do not sample the center as it is likely necrotic.

When should a lymph node sample be taken if the patient is receiving steroids?

Before giving steroids.

What is the composition of a normal lymph node?

90% small lymphocytes, 5-10% small and medium lymphocytes, plus plasma cells, macrophages, mast cells, and rare neutrophils.

What is reactive hyperplasia in lymph nodes characterized by?

Increased large lymphocytes and increased plasma cells.

What type of lymphadenitis is characterized by an abundance of neutrophils?

Neutrophilic lymphadenitis.

What are some causes of eosinophilic lymphadenitis?

Hypersensitivity reaction, parasites, idiopathic, and paraneoplastic causes.

What is marked by an increase of macrophages and possibly neutrophils in lymph nodes?

Granulomatous/pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis.

What type of cells are seen in lymphoma?

Lots of large immature lymphocytes.

What distinguishes thymoma from lymphoma?

Thymoma originates from epithelial cells and shows epithelial cells while lymphoma originates from lymphocytes and shows large lymphocytes.

What is the treatment for thymoma?

Surgery.

What type of cell is primarily associated with mast cell tumours?

Granulocytes that undergo malignant transformation.

What characterizes a histiocytoma?

Usually benign, seen in dogs less than 2 years old, and regresses independently.

What treatment is used for transmissible venereal tumours?

Chemotherapy, specifically vincristine.

What should be used for diagnosing lymphoma?

Imaging, cytology, and histopathology.

What is the most common splenic mass in dogs?

Haemangiosarcoma.

What are common clinical presentations of splenic masses?

Abdominal distension, pain on abdominal palpation, anemia, lethargy, cough.

What is the prognosis for splenectomy?

3 months; 6 months if combined with chemotherapy.

What are two paraneoplastic syndromes associated with tumors?

Hypercalcaemia and hyperviscosity.

What effect does degranulation of mast cells have on the body?

Causes itching and can lead to vomiting and diarrhea.

What tests are performed for tumor staging?

Hematology and biochemistry, ultrasound, and thoracic radiography.

What parameters are checked in hematology and biochemistry for tumor staging?

Bone marrow involvement and liver parameters.

How is a tumor described during staging?

By grade, size, ulceration, and how fixed it is.

What does management of tumors include?

Surgical excision, steroids, and chemotherapy.

What does radical surgical excision entail?

Example: amputation with 3cm lateral margins and 1 fascial plane.

What is the role of steroids in tumor management?

To reduce inflammation and provide analgesia.

What are some side effects of chemotherapy?

Reduced immunity, whisker/fur loss, vomiting, and diarrhea.

What is cytoreductive therapy?

A type of surgery that leaves macroscopic remnants behind.

What type of surgery leaves microscopic remnants behind?

Marginal surgery.