2.A

PNS function

connects CNS to organs, muscles, joints, blood vessels, and skin

2 subsystems of PNS

afferent; efferent

2 major divisions of PNS

somatic; autonomic

somatic nervous system

sensory and motor nerves innervate muscles and skin

autonomic nervous system

sensory and motor nerves innervate visceral organs and glands

somatic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?

voluntary

autonomic nervous system voluntary or involuntary

involuntary

2 divisions of autonomic nervous system

sympathetic; parasympathetic

sympathetic system

spends body energy by activating visceral organs and glands in response to fight, flight, and fear

parasympathetic system

conserves energy and brings visceral functions back to normal levels after sympathetic activation

human brain weight

3 lb

brain % body weight

2

brain conscumes % of blood

15

brain consumes % of oxygen

20

brain consumes % of glucose

20-25

longitudinal fissure

divides brain into 2 hemispheres

contralateral control

each hemisphere governs opposite body side

left brain dominant or nondominant

dominant

right brain dominant or nondominant

nondominan

left hemisphere purpose

language, speech, calculation, verbal memory, analytic thinking

right hemisphere purpose

pragmatics, visual-spatial concepts, music, emotion, art, facial recognition

right hemisphere damage can cause

prosopagnosia

prosopagnosia

condition that impairs the ability to recognize faces

central sulcus is also known as

rolando

central sulcus/rolando purpose

borderline between the frontal and the parietal lobes that separates motor and sensory areas of the brain

lateral fissure is also known as 

sylvian fissure 

lateral fissure/sylvian fissure purpose

separates the frontal lobe and parietal lobe from the temporal lobe

lateral fissure/sylvian fissure importance

language, auditory processing, and sensory integration

superior longitudinal fissure is also known as 

interhemispheric fissure

superior longitudinal fissure/interhemispheric fissure purpose

connects the frontal and occipital lobes, facilitating communication between hemispheres

parieto-occipital sulcus

divides the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe

calcarine fissure location

occipital lobe; surrounds the primary visual cortex

calcarine fissure purpose

visual processing

precentral gyrus is major region of what lobe

frontal

precentral gyrus also known as

MEC; primary motor cortex

MEC stands for

motor execution center

precentral gyrus function

initiates voluntary motor commands, especially fine movements of limbs and face

homonculus

a human figure that shows the relative amount of brain areas for controlling movement of different body parts

premotor cortex location

anterior to primary motor cortex

premotor cortex function

critical for motor programming (esp the ones guided by external stimuli), coordination of learned motor skills, imaging motor sequencing

premotor cortex lesions cause

ideomotor apraxia

ideomotor apraxia

difficulty in executing complex voluntary movements with no paralysis

2 structures that premotor cortex works with

basal ganglia, cerebellum

prefrontal cortex location

front of brain, just behind forehead

prefrontal cortex

serves as brain’s controlling executive center and orchestrates complex cognitive processes for performing daily activities

the prefrontal cortex is responsible for these executive functions

decision making, working memory, attention control, social behavior

4 pillars of mental control

• decision making

• attention control

• working memory

• emotional regulation & social behavior

MC: decision making

weighs options, considers consequences, risk analyzation, and selects the best course of action

MC: attention control

maintains focus on relevant tasks while ignoring irrelevant stimuli in your environment

MC: working memory

temporarily holds and manipulates information needed for complex tasks

MC: emotional regulation + social behavior

appropriate social interactions, understand social cues, empathize with others, and behave appropriately socially