Human Geography Final

Agriculture

the deliberate modification of the Earth in order to obtain economic gain or sustenance

Hunter-gatherers

people who would hunt animals, go fishing, and gather fruits, nuts, roots, berries, and other plants that could be used as food

number of hunter-gatherer groups

<50

Places where people are still hunter-gatherers

The Arctic, parts of Africa, South America, and Australia

Vegetative planting

reproducing plants use direct cloning

Methods of vegetative planting

cutting stems, dividing roots to make more crops (root cropping)

Natural methods of vegetative planting

a new plant develops from the structure of the parent plant. This can be the stem, roots, leaves, or bulbs.

Artificial

Farmers can produce plants identical to the parent plant via cuttings, grafting part of one plant onto another, or by layering (bending a shoot of the plant into the soil to grow a new plant)

Seed agriculture

reproduce plants by planting seeds annually

Seed agriculture grains

• result of s3xual fertilization

• rice, wheat, barley, flax, and millet

Hearths

the points of origin of agriculture

Example of a Hearth

Start in Mainland Southeast Asia, diffused to China, Japan, India, and Southwest Asia

Neolithic Revolution

A time period (8,000 - 5,000 BCE) where domestication of plants and animals took place

Vere Gordon Childe

coined the term Neolithic Revolution

first Agricultural revolution, transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture

Neolithic Revolution

Revolved around the in Melanesia, the Sub-Saharan Africa, Fertile Crescent

Neolithic Revolution

Fertile Crescent

a region in Western Asia and it is considered to be the cradle of civilization

Involves Lebanon, Jordan, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Palestine, Syria, and Turkey

Fertile Crescent

enabled by a diverse climate, elevation levels allowing it to be the home of many crops (peas, flax, what, lentils, and barley) and domestication

Fertile Crescent

Big contributor to development and diffusion of agriculture

Fertile Crescent

Important advances of the Neolithic Revolution

• tools (sickles, hammers, grinding stones)

• food storage (Clay pots and jars, pits in the ground)

• domesticating animals

• growing flax to be woven into linen

• irrigation

Domestication

the process of making something commercialized for large production

Criteria for domestication

• large mammals

• herbivore

• birth during first of second year (1-2 offspring)

• social animals

• get along with humans

• humans can control the leader

common domesticated animals

cows, sheep, horses, goats, donkeys, pigs, camels, yales, reindeer, water buffalo, llamas, etc.

Second Agricultural Revolution

a time period (17th century - 19th century) increasing agricultural productivity

Another name for Second Agricultural Revolution

British Agricultural Revolution

• primarily happened in Great Britain and neighboring countries

led to population growth and workforce increase, helping drive the Industrial Revolution

Second Agricultural Revolution

Mechanization

tools were invented or advanced in the 1700s

Jethro Tull

mechanical seeders that distributes seeds across a plot of land, was not popular until a century later

Joseph Foljambe

Rotherham Plough →lighter and easier to use than a traditional iron plough

Andrew Meikle

invented threshing machine to increase productivity

John Fowler

steam engines for plowing (mid-1800s)

Increased productivity in the Second Agricultural Revolution was due to

mechanization, crop rotation, selective breeding, and enclosures

Crop rotation

the practice of rotating the use of different fields each year from crop to crop in order to avoid exhausting the soil

change in crop rotation

three-field method to four-field method

Selective breeding

the mating of two animals that have desirable characteristics in order to create a better animal

Thomas Coke and Robert Bakewell

introduced selective breeding

New Leicester Sheep

Bakewell crossbred Lincoln sheep and Longhorn sheep

Inbreeding

the mating of closely related individuals

• was also used to stabilize certain characteristics or qualities in desirable animals

Enclose Act in Great Britain

encouraged the consolidation of farmland into large fields that were held by a single owner

Benefits of enclosure

increase field size, so improvements:

• larger farms

• soil fertilization

• crop care

• harvesting processes

artificial feeds and fertilizers made in

1800s

Third Agricultural Revolution aka

Green Revolution

Green Revolution

refers to the developments, research, and technological advancements that increased agricultural production between the 1930s and the 1970s

• includes the expansion of the use of fertilizers and the introduction of new higher-yield seed

some of the technology from the Green Revolution

synthetic nitrogen, fertilizer, pesticides, and irrigation projects

Green Revolution limited to

industrialized nations

Cereal production increased because

higher-yield varieties were used for rice, maize, and wheat between (1961-1985)

Chemical farming

the substitution of manure and humus with inorganic fertilizers that increase soil fertility

Food processing

also part of the Green Revolution

Johann Heinrich von Thunen

• 19th century farmer and economist

• wrote “The Industrialized State” in 1826

  • considered first development of spatial economics

• created the Von Thunen Model

Linear village

a settlement that is small or medium in size, and is formed around a transportation route

Dispersed settlement

settlement with a number of separate farmsteads that are scattered throughout the area

• farmsteads are surrounded by small, irregularly shaped fields

• farms are isolated (and so is the culture)

• preferred model after the Industrial Revolution

Cluster villages

houses and buildings are situated near one another and farms surround the area

• community would be more social since people live closer together

A region’s agricultural crops are dependent on

climate, terrain, culture

Specific farming practices factors

Locale’s determine such based on physical and cultural factors

Paddy field

flooded parcel of land used to grow rice or semi-aquatic crops

Political geography

Studies the distribution, shape, and location of political entities

Distribution of states

• Directly related to geographical forms

• Diffused through imperialization and colonization spreading and developing into states

Status (Latin)

Status or condition, where the word state s derived from

State

A political organization that holds authority over a specific territory

Qualifications of a state

1. Spatial location surrounded bt recognized boundaries

2. Permanent resident population

3. Sovereignty

4. Organized economic activity

Territorial organization

Divisions of land within most states or boundaries by a hierarchy of local government agencies

Functions of a Territorial organization

• Enables administrative functions to be delegated or broken down unto smaller units or areas

• Resoruces can be alotted by local agencies that have the potential to be more familiar with the needs of the people in a certain jurisdiction

• Local territories are typically allowed some degree of autonomy

Example: united states

Federalism

When governments assign autonomous powers to local territories

Federal states

Governments that give their local territories autonomous power and do not have central control of the entire country

• Federal states can have a central federalgovernment, but that cdntral government is not the only power oover the territories

Compact states

Countries that are relatively round in shape (like Poland)

Fragmented state

A country that may be made of several islands (Fiji)

Rectangular state

A state that is relatively rectangular in shape (Angola)

Perforated state

A state that completely surrounds another smaller state (Italy)

Landlocked state

A state completely surrounded by other countries (Vatican City)

Exclaves

Separate holdings that lie completely within another country (West Germany and West Berlin)

Physical boundaries

Boundaries that follow features of the natural landscape (mountains, rivers, etc.)

Geometric boundaries

Boundaries that follow straight lines and do not have much to do with natural landscape, but can be landmarks

Antecedent boundary

When a boundary is given to a region before it has been settled or populated (does not have much significance)

Superimposed boundary

A boundary that has been drawn after a region has been populated and which does not give significance to the cultural, social, or ethnic compositions of the region that it divides

Centripetal forces

Forces that bind countries together, such as a common history or strong nation

Centrifugal forces

Forces that try to pull countries apart, such as territorial disputes and ethnic conflict

Colonialism

The acquisition, establishment, expansion, and maintained of one territory by people from another territory

Sovereignty in colonialism is claimed by

the mother city

What colonists from the mother city are to establish

government, economics, and social structure

The goal of colonialism

Expand mother land’s holdings

• increase access

• material resources

• sources of revenue

Imperialism

an unequal relationship between territories that is based on domination and subordinati0n

Imperialism (for dummies)

The imperializing country takes control, usually by force, of another territory and attains command over the imperialized country’s economy, government, and legislation.

Imperare (Latin)

“to command”, where the word “imperialism” is derived from

How colonialism re-shapes and develops the colonialized lands into the mother country’s culture traits

colonials brought their culture and language

Consequences of Colonialism and Imperialism

• Positive: New cultures are experienced and ideas are exchanged

  • differing relgions, cultures learn from one another, healthcare and technological advances

• Negative:Disease, Differing religions

• Neutral: Differing religions

Irrendentism

the theory, support, or process by which one State seeks to annex a territory that currently is governed by another State

• needs to have historical, cultural, and ethnic reason

Devolution

the transfer of power from a Central government to a state, regional, or local authority

United Nations

International organization of 192 members to promote peace and security

United Nations establishment date

October 24, 1945

United Nations goals

• keeping peace by settling disputes

• taking steps to stop aggression

• developing friendship between nations by respecting the equal rights and freedoms of peoples

• acting as a center to help nations achieve these goals

The UN was founded to act as a permanent place where countries can talk about problems or issues and try to find solutions for them

Official languages of the UN

Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish

Ethnicity

identity with a group of people that shares the cultural traditions of a specific homeland

Key Characteristics to Differentiate Ethnic Groups

• language

• national origin

• religion

• skin color

Ethos

greek: people or nation →origin of the word ‘ethnic’

Largest Ethnicities in the US

• 1, Hispanic (14%)

• 2, African American

• 3, Asian American

• 4, American Indian

Ways Ethnic Groups Cluster

1. Grouping by particular region

2. Grouping by particular neighborhood within a city

Grouping by particular region

High concentration in a region

Grouping by particular neighborhood within a city

High concentration in a particular neighborhood of a city

Example of how clustering helps geographers

African Americans

• Africa → America (many by force of slavery)

• Civil War ends, freed African Americans remain in the South as share croppers

Farm machinery advances, share cropping declines

• African Americans driven from farmland and move to industrialized areas

• Clustering forms in particular neighborhoods with smaller numbers of African Americans who had already been living there

Density of these neighborhoods grows significantly