AQA GCSE geography 2A: Urban issues and challenges

What is urbanization?

the increase in the percentage of people who live in cities

Where is urbanisation happening fastest?

LICs and NEEs

What is a push factor ?

a factor that %%pushes you away%% from somewhere

What is a pull factor ?

a factor that %%pull you in%% to somewhere

What are the causes of urbanisation

%%Rural-urban migration%%
PUSH FACTORS

* natural disasters, war and conflict, lack of employment, drought

PULL FACTORS

* more jobs, better education and healthcare, increased quality of life, following family members

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%%natural increace%%

BIRTH RATE -high percentage of population having children, lack of contraception, lack of education on family planning

DEATH RATE - higher life expectancy, improved medical facilities

What is a megacity?

A city with more than 10 million people
example; New York

What are the four factors of sustainable urban living

water conservation
energy conservation
creating green space
waste recycling

How does water conservation aid sustainable living

-collecting rainwater for gardens and flushing toilets
- installing water meters and toilets that flush less water
- educating peole to use less water

How does energy conservation aid sustainable living

\-promoting renewable energy sources

* making homes more energy efficient - LED
* encouraging people to uise less energy

How does creating green spaces aid sustainable living

- provide natural cooler areas for people to relax in
- encourages people to exersise
- reduces the risk of flooding from surface runoff

How can waste recycling aid sustainable living

- collection of household waste
- more local recyling facilities
- greater awareness of the benefits in recycling

What is the case study for urban living ?

east village in stratford

Describe east villages sustainable strategies

* green spces
* water
* energy

green spaces - wetland ecosystems on banks

- shared green spaces on rooftop gardens

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Water - rainwater recycled for toilets/gardening

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Energy - combined heat system uses 30% less energy than other places

What is an intergrated transport system

the linking of different forms of public transport within a city and surrounding are

What is a brownfield site?

area of land that has previously been used but is now vacant, derelict or contaminated

What is a greenfield site?

Land that has not been built on before, usually in the countryside on the edge of the built-up area.

What is urban regeneration?

The investment in the revival of old, urban areas by either improving what is there or clearing it away and rebuilding.

What are the environmental problems to do with traffic

traffic increases air pollution ehich releases greenhouse gases that is leading to climate change

What are the economic problems with traffic

congestion can make people late for work and business delivers take longer. this can cause companies to loose money

What are the social problems with traffic

there is a greater risk of accidents and congestion is a cause of fustration, traffic can also lead to health issues for pedestrians

What are the solutions to congestion

- widen roads to allow traffic to flow easier
- build ring roads and bypasses to keep traffic out of city centres
- introduce park and ride schemes to reduce car use
- encourage car sharing schemes in work places
- having congestion charges which discourages drivers driving in city centres

What is a case study for traffic management

Bristol

Describe what happened at bristol

i n2012 bristol was the most congested city in the uk

they developed their intergrated transport system ro encourage more people to use public transport

they also invested in more cycling routes

What is the case study if urban cahnge in a major uk city

London

Describe the location and background of London

* south - east england
* river thames
* grew during the industrial revolution

What is London’s importance ?

* largest and wealthiest city in the uk
* one of the most important financial centres in the world
* HQ of many international businesses
* media and communication networks
* education and research hub
* culture, entertainement and tourism

Why did people migrate to London

* during the industrial revolution migrants came from other parts of the uk
* lots of job opportunities as a global city
* international students

What are the opportinities of London ?

Social - economic

* cultural mix
* recreation and intertainment
* employment
* transport

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Environmental

* urban greening

Give figures for

* employment
* transport
* urban greening

* 22% of uk economy is in london
* Large TFL and intergrated transport
* 47% green space

What are london’s challenges

Social

* social deprivation and poverty issues in boroughs

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Economic

* shortage of homes making it difficult to afford housing
* unemployment and homelessness due to growth of migration

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Environmental

* urban sprawl led to decline of greenfield sites
* air and waste pollution

Where was the regeneration scheme is london ?

Lower lea valley, stratford, olympic park

What were the aims if the regenerstion ?

to regenerate the site from old industry sites. to have good transport links, open spaces and housing

What were the challenges of the regeneration

* had to purchase the land
* former residents had to be relocated
* land had to be decontaminated from previous pollution

What the regeneration a success ?

* good transport connections to rest of london and uk
* legacy of sustainable use of the land
* housing and new amenities such as westfield

What is the case study for urban change in a Major NEE city ?

RIO DE JANERIO

What is the location and background of rio ?

* coastal city
* south east of brazil
* second most populated city in Brazil (6.5 million)

What is Rio’s importance

* second largest GDP in Brazil
* hosted 2014 world cup and 2016 olympics
* headquaters of brazils main companies in oil and gas
* christ the redeemer statue is a wonder of the world

Why do people migrate to rio ?

* portuguese early settlers and slaves in 1502
* migration from rural areas for a better quality of life

What are rio’s opportunities

social

standards of livinf are gradually improving

rio carnival is an important cultural event

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Economic

one of the highests incomes per person in the country

various types of employment m oil, retailling and manufacturing

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Environmental

hosting major sporting events encourages investement is sewage networks and public transport

What are rio’s challenges ?

Social

severe shortage of housing, schools and healthcare

large scale inequality leading to tensions

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Economic

rise in informal jobs with low pay and no taxes

hifh employment in favellas

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Environmental

favellas built around the city on unfavourable aldn such as hills

Describe the self - help scheme for the favellas

* authorites provide basic material to improve homes with safe electricty and sewage
* governemtn demolished houses and created new estates
* community policing established agaisnt gangs
* greater investment in new roads and rail networks to reduce pollution and increase connection between rich and poor