Studied by 5 people
What is urbanization?
the increase in the percentage of people who live in cities
Where is urbanisation happening fastest?
LICs and NEEs
What is a push factor ?
a factor that pushes you away from somewhere
What is a pull factor ?
a factor that pull you in to somewhere
What are the causes of urbanisation
Rural-urban migration PUSH FACTORS
natural disasters, war and conflict, lack of employment, drought
PULL FACTORS
more jobs, better education and healthcare, increased quality of life, following family members
natural increace
BIRTH RATE -high percentage of population having children, lack of contraception, lack of education on family planning
DEATH RATE - higher life expectancy, improved medical facilities
What is a megacity?
A city with more than 10 million people example; New York
What are the four factors of sustainable urban living
water conservation energy conservation creating green space waste recycling
How does water conservation aid sustainable living
-collecting rainwater for gardens and flushing toilets
installing water meters and toilets that flush less water
educating peole to use less water
How does energy conservation aid sustainable living
-promoting renewable energy sources
making homes more energy efficient - LED
encouraging people to uise less energy
How does creating green spaces aid sustainable living
provide natural cooler areas for people to relax in
encourages people to exersise
reduces the risk of flooding from surface runoff
How can waste recycling aid sustainable living
collection of household waste
more local recyling facilities
greater awareness of the benefits in recycling
What is the case study for urban living ?
east village in stratford
Describe east villages sustainable strategies
green spces
water
energy
green spaces - wetland ecosystems on banks
- shared green spaces on rooftop gardens
Water - rainwater recycled for toilets/gardening
Energy - combined heat system uses 30% less energy than other places
What is an intergrated transport system
the linking of different forms of public transport within a city and surrounding are
What is a brownfield site?
area of land that has previously been used but is now vacant, derelict or contaminated
What is a greenfield site?
Land that has not been built on before, usually in the countryside on the edge of the built-up area.
What is urban regeneration?
The investment in the revival of old, urban areas by either improving what is there or clearing it away and rebuilding.
What are the environmental problems to do with traffic
traffic increases air pollution ehich releases greenhouse gases that is leading to climate change
What are the economic problems with traffic
congestion can make people late for work and business delivers take longer. this can cause companies to loose money
What are the social problems with traffic
there is a greater risk of accidents and congestion is a cause of fustration, traffic can also lead to health issues for pedestrians
What are the solutions to congestion
widen roads to allow traffic to flow easier
build ring roads and bypasses to keep traffic out of city centres
introduce park and ride schemes to reduce car use
encourage car sharing schemes in work places
having congestion charges which discourages drivers driving in city centres
What is a case study for traffic management
Bristol
Describe what happened at bristol
i n2012 bristol was the most congested city in the uk
they developed their intergrated transport system ro encourage more people to use public transport
they also invested in more cycling routes
What is the case study if urban cahnge in a major uk city
London
Describe the location and background of London
south - east england
river thames
grew during the industrial revolution
What is London’s importance ?
largest and wealthiest city in the uk
one of the most important financial centres in the world
HQ of many international businesses
media and communication networks
education and research hub
culture, entertainement and tourism
Why did people migrate to London
during the industrial revolution migrants came from other parts of the uk
lots of job opportunities as a global city
international students
What are the opportinities of London ?
Social - economic
cultural mix
recreation and intertainment
employment
transport
Environmental
urban greening
Give figures for
employment
transport
urban greening
22% of uk economy is in london
Large TFL and intergrated transport
47% green space
What are london’s challenges
Social
social deprivation and poverty issues in boroughs
Economic
shortage of homes making it difficult to afford housing
unemployment and homelessness due to growth of migration
Environmental
urban sprawl led to decline of greenfield sites
air and waste pollution
Where was the regeneration scheme is london ?
Lower lea valley, stratford, olympic park
What were the aims if the regenerstion ?
to regenerate the site from old industry sites. to have good transport links, open spaces and housing
What were the challenges of the regeneration
had to purchase the land
former residents had to be relocated
land had to be decontaminated from previous pollution
What the regeneration a success ?
good transport connections to rest of london and uk
legacy of sustainable use of the land
housing and new amenities such as westfield
What is the case study for urban change in a Major NEE city ?
RIO DE JANERIO
What is the location and background of rio ?
coastal city
south east of brazil
second most populated city in Brazil (6.5 million)
What is Rio’s importance
second largest GDP in Brazil
hosted 2014 world cup and 2016 olympics
headquaters of brazils main companies in oil and gas
christ the redeemer statue is a wonder of the world
Why do people migrate to rio ?
portuguese early settlers and slaves in 1502
migration from rural areas for a better quality of life
What are rio’s opportunities
social
standards of livinf are gradually improving
rio carnival is an important cultural event
Economic
one of the highests incomes per person in the country
various types of employment m oil, retailling and manufacturing
Environmental
hosting major sporting events encourages investement is sewage networks and public transport
What are rio’s challenges ?
Social
severe shortage of housing, schools and healthcare
large scale inequality leading to tensions
Economic
rise in informal jobs with low pay and no taxes
hifh employment in favellas
Environmental
favellas built around the city on unfavourable aldn such as hills
Describe the self - help scheme for the favellas
authorites provide basic material to improve homes with safe electricty and sewage
governemtn demolished houses and created new estates
community policing established agaisnt gangs
greater investment in new roads and rail networks to reduce pollution and increase connection between rich and poor
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Flashcard (49)