11- STM and WM

Information remains in sensory memory for

seconds or a fraction of a second

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is

15–20 seconds or less

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods challenged the conceptualization o

short-term memory

A task with the instructions “Read the following words while repeating ‘the, the, the’ out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember” would MOST likely be studying

articulatory suppression

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if

one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop

Sperling’s (1960) partial-report paradigm demonstrated that sensory memory has

Large capacity and very short duration

In the Peterson & Peterson (1959) study, forgetting occurred largely because

Interference from counting backward

According to Waugh & Norman (1965), which factor best predicts STM forgetting?

Number of interfering items

Chunking improves memory primarily by

Increasing the functional capacity of STM

The phonological loop shows a short-word advantage because

Short words take less time to rehearse

Articulatory suppression eliminates the short-word advantage because

It blocks subvocal rehearsal

The visuospatial sketchpad is disrupted most when the competing task

Is also visuospatial

The central executive is primarily responsible for

Coordinating attention and updating goals

Perseveration following frontal-lobe damage reflects impairment in

Central executive

The modal model assumes STM capacity is

7 ± 2 items

The recency effect is explained by items being stored in

WM/STM

Clive Wearing’s memory profile shows impairment in

LTM but intact STM

Which WM task requires both storage and manipulation?

Backward digit span

Sensory memory persists for approximately

1 second

Interference theory predicts forgetting results from

New items replacing old ones

Chase & Simon’s chess study demonstrates that chunking depends on

Expertise

STM duration without rehearsal is about

15–20 seconds

Working memory differs from STM because working memory

Involves manipulation, not just storage

Echoic memory refers to sensory memory for

Hearing

Operation span measures the ability to

Maintain and manipulate information