psyc 100 - Psychopathology

Cultural Relativism

A person’s beliefs and practices need to be understood in context of their own culture and not judged against criteria of another culture

Distressing

Used to define abnormal. The behaviour is distressing to the individual or to the people around them.

Deviance

Used to define abnormal. The behaviour is not in line with societies norms

Harmful Dysfunctional

Used to define abnormal. The behaviour interferes with everyday relationships and activities

3 criteria used to define abnormal behaviour

1. Distressing

2. Deviance

3. Harmful Dysfunction

DSM-5

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

What is the DSM-5 used for?

Diagnosing mental disorders, provides consistency between health care professionals

Trephination

Drilling holes in the skill to release evil spirits

Demonological/Supernatural View

Believing that abnormal behaviour was the result of evil

Somatogenic Theory

Psychological disorders were disease states, arising from illness, genetic issues, or deterioration of the brain

Humourism

Belief by ancient Greek physicians that an imbalance in the bodily humours affected mental health and mental states

Galen (Greek physician, 100-200 AD)

One of the first to believe in psychogenic causes, including stress, learned associations, trauma, and distorted perception

Traitement Morale

The moral treatment approach, based on humane care and moral concerns

Freud

Proponent of the psychogenic theory

The Psychogenic Theory

Maladaptive responses to traumatic experiences led to disorders

The Cathartic Method

Introduced by Breur and expanded on by Freud.

Emotional release after

Kraepelin

German psychiatrist who founded modern psychiatry, credited with the classification of psychosis

The Diathesis-Stress or Vulnerability-Stress Model

Explains a disorder in terms of the interaction between a vulnerability and life experience

Neurotic Anxiety

The result of impulses from the Id threatening to break through

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A chronic state of anxiety that os due to over-worrying about everyday issues

Hypervigilance

Constant scanning for one’s environment to danger

Social Anxiety Disorder

Acute fear of social situations

Performance Onlu Social Anxiety Disorder

Limited to situations where the individual feels they must perform

Interoceptive Avoidance

Avoiding internal bodily cues

ex. Avoiding situations that produce the physiological arousal

Agoraphobia

The fear of open and public spaces

Thought-Action Fusion

Overestimating the relationships between though and action

Ex. Someone thinks: “What if I hit someone with my car?” Then feels guilty or believes just having that thought makes them a bad person or means it might actually happen.

Phobia Sub-Types

1. Blood/Injury Related

   ex. Bloody nose

2. Situational

   ex. Tight spaces

3. Natural World

   ex. Spiders

4. Other

   ex. Vomiting, choking

Unipolar disorders

1 mood

Ex. Depression, Mania

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Severe depression that interferes with functioning, lasts for at least 2 weeks, no history of manic episodes

Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)

Less severe symptoms that last for at least 2 years, depressed for more days than not during the time period

Monoamine Theory of Depression

States that depression is due to a general depletion of monoamines (dopamine, serotonin & norepinephrine)

Tricyclics

Block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Increases the activity of serotonin, helps with depression

Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy (ECT)

One of the most effective treatments for major depression

Trancranial Magnetic Stimulation

Noninvasive procedure that can be done when patient is awake

Deep Brain Stimulation

Involves implanting an electrode into the brain to stimulate a region

The 5 Main Symptoms of Schizophrenia

1. Delusions

2. Hallucinations

3. Disorganized Speech

4. Grossly Disorganized Behaviours

5. Negative Symptoms

Ahedonia

Loss of pleasure and joy

Alogia

Reduced speech/blunted affect

Phases of Schizophrenia

1. Premorbid - before onset

2. Prodromal - Beginning of symptoms

3. Active - symptoms are impairing

4. Residual - recovery OR Chronic - symptoms continue

Typical Antipsychotics

Block the dopamine receptor, which reduces positive symptoms but not negative symptoms

Atypical Antipsychotics

Influence the dopamine as well as other receptors to reduce dopamine levels (lesser extent)

Personality Types

Represent discrete categories of defining someone’s personality

ex. You are introverted

Personality Traits

Represent continuous levels of definitions

ex. You are a 7/10 on the introversion scale

The Big 5 - OCEAN

The dominating trait theory that suggests everyone’s personality falls on the continuum of each of the 5 traits

1. Openness

Refers to the extent to which a person is curious, imaginative, and open to new experiences.

High = creative, enjoy exploring new ideas, and appreciate variety

Low = prefer routine and familiarity

2. Conscientiousness

Refers to the extent to which a person is organized, self-disciplined, and goal-oriented.

High = reliable, organized, diligent, and responsible

Low = careless, spontaneous, and less detail-oriented

3. Extroversion

Refers to the extent to which a person is outgoing, energetic, and seeks social interaction.

High = sociable, talkative, energetic, enjoys being around others

Low = reserved, quiet, prefers solitude

4. Agreeableness

Refers to the extent to which a person is compassionate, cooperative, and considerate of others.

High = empathetic, friendly, trusting, and supportive

Low = competitive, critical, uncooperative, and less empathetic

5. Neuroticism

Refers to the extent to which a person experiences emotional instability, anxiety, and mood swings.

High = anxious, easily upset, prone to stress, and emotional

Low = calm, secure, emotionally stable, and resilient

Dialetical Behavioura Therapy

Behaviour techniques teach interpersonal and emotional-control skills

What does the DSM-5 classify childhood psychopathology as?

A conduct disorder

The 3 Categories of psychopathy

1. Psychological Stability

2. Behavioural Deviancy

3. Impaired Social Connections