chapter 4 biology notes

name the 5 main components of a eukaryotic cell

nucleus

plasma membrane

cytoskeleton

cytosol (gel like) & cytoplasm

other organelles

give 3 main structural differences between plant and animal cells

cell walls

chloroplasts

central vacuole

rough ER function

protein process

smooth ER function

detoxify harmful substance

mitochondria function

makes energy or ATP

chloroplast function

site of photosynthesis

lysosomes function

get rid of worn-out organelles

ribosomes function

protein synthesis

Golgi complex function

processes, sorts, and tags proteins

transport vesicles function

carries proteins to other organells

centrosomes function

organizing centers

why do red blood cells burst if put into fresh water but plant cells don’t burst in fresh water

water is hypotonic; both plant and blood cell will absorb water however plants have cell wall for stability

cell pic

what are the two different types of cells

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

prokaryotic cells include

bacteria and archaea

eukaryotic cells include

plant cells

fungi cells

animal cells

protista

unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles 

prokaryotic cell

prokaryotic cells are located in

the nucleoid

prokaryote cell structure includes:

cell wall, unique structures; capsules, pili, and flagella

prokaryotic cells:

DNA: Nucleoid region

Cell size: small

Organization: single-celled

metabolism: may not need O2

Organelles: none

eukaryotic cells:

DNA: nucleus

Cell size: larger

Organization: multi-cellular

metabolism: usually needs O2

Organelles: has organelles

nucleus is made out of:

nuclear envelope with pores

nucleoplasm (semi solid fluid)

DNA-chromatin

nucleolus (synthesize ribosomes)

DNA, Chromatin, Chromosomes, and nucleolus are all found in:

the nucleoplasm

DNA + Protein =

chromatin

how many chromosomes do bacteria have

one

how many chromosomes do humans have

46 (23 pairs)

plasma membrane

a phospholipid bilayer with proteins and cholesterol embedded in it

ribosomes are attached to surface:

rough ER

ribosomes are NOT attached  to surface

smooth ER

ribosomes are made out of:

ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins

during protein synthesis, ribosomes:

assemble to convert mRNA to amino acids

mitochondria is the:

powerhouse of the cell

the food we eat converts into ATP during a process called:

cellular respiration

lysosomes are considered the:

garbage disposals of the cell

protein production in animal cells:

in nucleus DNA is copied to mRNA (messenger RNA)

mRNA carries info to ribosomes, exiting nucleus through nuclear pores

amino acid chain dropped inside ER and folded into protein

Golgi complex does addition; processing and sorting

protein moves to plasma membrane for export (exocytosis)

in protein synthesis, ribosomes are known as:

work benches

endomembrane system

group of membrane and organelles that work together to modify, package, and transport vesicles.

cytoplasm

the region between plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope

cytoplasm contains

70-80% of water

cytoskeleton is:

made out of protein fibers that help maintain the shape and mobility of a cell, position of organelles, and movement on vesicles

cell wall:

is made out of cellulose

central vacuole in a plant is :

90% of cell volume

plastids

pigment containing organelles

plant cells do not have

lysosomes or centrosomes