changing economic world, Nigeria and Jamaica

what is development

The progress a country has made

Measuring development

-G N I is an economic measure of development

(It is the total value of goods and services produced by a country)

- Human development index It is a social measure that is expressed and includes life expectancy number of years of Education and GNI per head

What are other measures of development

- Birth rate

- Death rate

- Infant mortality

- Literacy rate

Limitations of economic and social measures

-Data could be out of date and reliable hard to collect

- Data may not take into account substance or informal economies

describe stage 1 of demographic transition model

-high birthrate due to lots of uneducated and unemployed women

-high death rate due to poor health services and disease+ war

describe stage 2 of demograpic transition model

-high birth rate due to lots of unemployed, uneducated women

-death rate falls

-population grows

describe stage 3 of the demographic transition model

-birth rate falls: women start to have educations so eployed and have less time for children

-death rate is low

-population still growing but not as fast

describe stage 4 of the demographic transition model

-birth rate is low as women are educated and have employment

-death rate is low due to good medicine

describe stage 5 of the demographic transition model

-birth rate is low as women have jobs and are educated

-death rate is low but increases a little due to an ageing population

Physical causes for uneven development

- Landlocked countries cut off from seaborne trade

- Extreme weather can slow development

Economic reasons for uneven development

- The rich countries get richer and the development of poorer countries may be slowed

- Processing which adds value usually takes place in richer countries

Historical reasons for uneven development

- Almost all the wealth produced during the colonial period wenr to The European powers

- Many former colonies do not have well established political systems

What are some strategies which can reduce the development gap

-investment-money, expertise or infastructure -wide spread and long term beneficial

-industrial development-brings employment, higher incomes -multiplier effect

-aid-provides lots of people with help -widespread

-debt relief-cancel debts-long term -can spend on other things

problems for the strategies to reduce development gap

-investment-exploitation by investors

-industrial development- environmental issues

-aid-can be wasted by corrupt governments

-debt relief-strict regulations not every country gets it

why is nigeria globally important

-supplies 2.5% of worlds oil and is 13th largest producer

-politically important, ranks as 5th alrgest contirbutor to UN peacekeeping missions

-diverse economy

why is nigeria important in africa

-one of fastes growing economies in africa

-largest african country:182 million

-37% of pop work in agriculture

-largest number of cattle in africa 19 million

what is the problem with infastrucutre in nigeria

-poor roads and frequent power cuts

Political context of Nigeria

- Since nineteen ninety nine it has had a stable government

- Several countries are now starting to invest in Nigeria

Social context of Nigeria

- Nigeria is a multi ethnic multi-faith country which is a strength but has also been a source of conflict

- Currently there are new religious and ethnic tensions which has created an unstable situation

Cultural context of Nigeria

- Nigerian music e G musician fela kuti

- Nollywood is the second largest film industry in the world

- Nigerian football team has won the African Cup of nations three times

Environmental context of Nigeria

- Decreasing rainfall

- Challenges include deforestation forest fires and oil spillages

figure to show variation in wealth and development

-60% of children in urban areas go to secondary

-36% of children in rural areas go to secondary

what are nigerias main exports

-crude and refined petroleum

-natural gas

-rubber

-cotton

how much of nigerian export earnings are oil

86%

how much of gdp does oil account for in nigeria

10%

why is nigerias economy developing

-rapid advances in technology

-IT begining to drive economy rather than oil

-many people speak english, giving potential fr growth in telecommunications

advantages of TNC in Nigeria

-provide employment

-more money is spent in the economy

-investment by companies in local infrastructure and education

disadvanatge of TNC in nigeria

-local workers are sometime poorly paid

-management jobs often got to foreign employees

-profit can go abroad

example of TNC in nigeria

unilever

-employs around 1500

how has TNC shell benefitted nigeria

-making major contribiutions in taxes and export revenue

-providing direct employment for 65,000 and further 250,000 in other industries

-giving 91% of shell contracts to nigerian companies

How has TNC shell cause problems for nigeria

-oil spills have cause water pollution and affected agriculture and fishing

-frequent oil flares and toxic fumes into air

-oil theft and sabotage cost shell and government billions of dollars every year

Political links of Nigeria

- Member of the British Commonwealth

- Part of the United Nations

- Part of the African Union

what are the different types of aid in nigeria

-emergency aid (following natural disasters)

-developmental aid (long term)

why does Nigeria receive aid

-limited access to services eg safe water and electricity

-around 60% live on less than $1 a day

-high infant death and low life expectancy

how has aid benefitted Nigeria

-aid from USA helps to educate and protect people against AIDS

-development project and provide long term lones to businesses to help reduce over dependence on oil exports

-provided education on malaria and distributed anti-mosquito nets to many households

what stops aid being used effectively

-corruption in government

-donors may have political influence over what it is used for

-government may divert money to be used for other purposes

Improvement of Nigerian health through aid

- One in eight Nigerian children die before the age of five

- In 2017 Christian aid helped target life threatening diseases among very young children

- A thousand local people were trained to provide treatment

Effects of economic growth on industrial growth

- Air pollution causes respiratory and heart problems

- in Kano and Lagos harmful pollutants go directly into water channels

Effects of economic growth on urban growth

- Waste disposal is a major issue

- Traffic congestion leads to high levels of air pollution

Effects of economic growth on commercial farming and deforestation

- in some places there is water pollution due to chemical soil erosion and salting of River channels

-Some species have disappeared due to deforestation

effects of economic growth on mining and oil extraction

- tin mining led to soil erosion local water supplies were polluted with toxic chemicals

- Oil spills cause fire sending CO2 and other harmful gases into atmospheric causing acid rain

how many legal and illegal undsutrial plants does nigeria have

-5000 legal

-10000 illegal

how much of nigeria popualtion live in poverty

60%

How has economic development improved people's lives

- Higher disposable income

- Better access to safe water and sanitation

- Reliable electricity supplies

How has economic development not really changed people's lives or hindered

- Many people in Nigeria are still poor

- The gap between rich and poor has become wider

- Nigeria's overdependence on oil could become a problem in the future

what is the population of jamiaca

2.7 million

how much did tourism contribute to jamica GDP

34%

how much does jamiaca earn from tourism

$2 billion

how many people are employed in tourism in Jamaica

200,000

how has toursim benefitted jamiaca infastructure

-led to high level of investment on North Coast

-new port and cruis liner facilities

-however some parts of island remain isolated

has peoples quality of life in Jamaica improved

-In tourist areas jamaicans live in high-quality housing and high standrad of living

-but large number of people live in poor housing and have inadequate access to fresh water and health care

negatives for environment in Jamaica due to tourism

-footpath erosion

-harmful emissions