ES - Minerals and Rocks

Luster

can be metallic or non-metallic that light reflects off the mineral

Cleavage

breaking in flat surfaces and repeated shapes 

**FRACTURE**

Breaking in irregular or jagged surfaces 

Hardness

• Resistance to abrasion

• Moh’s scale to hardness

**MAGNETISM**

attraction to magnets

Color

• Most obvious and most unreliable

• Phenomenon of light

**HABIT / CRYSTAL FORM** 

• Overall shape of the mineral

• Orderly arrangement of atoms

**SPECIFIC GRAVITY** 

Ratio of the weight of **mineral** to an equal volume of water 

**EFFERVESCENCE**

Mixing in dilute acid to form small **bubbles** of gases 

Rocks

• Mixture of different minerals and other natural materials

• inorganic and organic materials

3 types of rocks

1. Igneous rocks

2. Sedimentary Rocks

3. Metamorphic Rocks

Minerals

have definite physical and known chemical compositions.

Streak

color of minerals in powdered form

Igneous to Sedimentary

Weathering and erosion 

Transportation Deposition  

Lithification 

Igneous Rocks

Begin as magma when rocks are extremely heated and exposed to extreme pressure 

Sedimentary rocks

1. Formed through weathering and erosion

2. Undergo the process of compaction (squeezing), cementation (deposition), and stratification (layering)

3. No heat and pressure are required

Sedimentary to igneous

melting

Metamorphic Rocks

Exposed to extreme heat and pressure (Metamorphism)

Regional Metamorphism

increase heat and pressure due to movement of plate tectonics

Contact Metamorphism

Rocks have a direct pressure with heat and pressure